part 1: overview of cogeneration and its status in asia - Fire

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Cogeneration in Asia today 51 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Figure 1.1 Cogeneration development trend in Japan Table 1.2 Details of commercial and industrial cogeneration projects in Japan (March 1998 data) Commercial Cogeneration Industrial Cogeneration Building type No. of projects Office Hotel Sports facility Petrol station Shops Training centres R&D centres Hospitals Bath houses District heating/cooling Others MW Generating Capacity Industrial Commercial 79 83 87 91 95 Fiscal Year 193 292 164 86 194 89 52 153 87 13 165 Total capacity (kW) 95.7 161.9 74.2 5.5 138.8 33.8 33.2 81.6 11.9 69.7 83.0 Industry type No. of Total capacity projects (kW) Food Textile Pulp and paper Pharmaceutical/chemical Metal Electrical equipment Machinery Oil and gas Water works/sewage Mining Others The cogenerator may avail either 30 per cent depreciation on the installation cost or 7 per cent of tax exemption in the first year of acquisition of cogeneration plant. Low interest loans (2.3 per cent per year) can be had for 40-70 per cent of the total investment cost. Types of subsidies given by different organizations depend on the type of projects, as follows: • Subsidy by New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO): - large scale cogeneration for district heat supply (15 per cent of the investment, up to a maximum of US$5 million); 186 70 65 205 89 87 123 49 24 16 138 271 171 319 938 398 191 275 596 20 46 282
52 Part II: Cogeneration experiences in Asia and elsewhere - high efficiency natural gas cogeneration system (less than one-third of investment; if the project is implemented by the local government, the amount can be as much as one-half of investment, with an upper limit of US$174,000); • Subsidy by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI): cogeneration for petrol stations (up to one-fifth of investment but no more than US$43,000); • Subsidy by LPG Gas Centre: LPG cogeneration for LPG Depots (a maximum of US$150,000); • Subsidy by the Local Government: Cogeneration in regional central disaster hospital (up to one-third, not exceeding US$1.5 million). Lastly, grants can be obtained for development of new generation environment-friendly technologies such as ceramic gas turbines, ceramic natural gas engines, large-scale high efficiency fuel cells, etc. 1.2.3 Revision of electricity supply law Under the Electricity Supply Law, nine regional electric utilities had the monopoly to supply electricity in the whole country. This law was revised in 1995, which now helps in further propagation of cogeneration. The law now allows the private sector to: • Sell self-generated electricity to the electric utilities - Private sector was invited by the electric utilities to supply 2.7 GW of electricity by tender for the period from 1999 to 2002; all the offers added up to 11 GW capacity of which 3 GW was finally approved. In the second phase for 2001-2004, another invitation was extended for sending tenders for 2.9 GW capacity and 14 GW of offers were received; the selection process is on for accepting 3 GW of capacity; • Wheeling self-generated electricity to other areas through the utility transmission network (from April 1998) – The transmission cost is about one-third of the electricity price set by the power utilities. Some companies have benefited from this option by exporting electricity from one site to another, such as Ooji Paper Company (such as the Kure factory, and the Nobeoka factory), Sumimoto Chemical Company and Asahi Chemical Company; • Supply self-generated electricity to third parties – this has helped in strengthening Energy Service Companies. For example, 10 companies in Suwa area have established an energy supply company that uses gas turbine cogeneration to supply 3 MW of electricity and steam as well as chilled water to hospitals and other users. A utility service company has installed 3 units of gas turbines, each of 4.3 MW capacity, to supply electricity, steam and chilled water to 67 clients in Amagasaki city. While concentrating efforts on promoting cogeneration, adequate measures have been taken in the country towards air pollution control from cogeneration plants in urban areas. Standards of NOx and particulate emissions have been set for prime movers, keeping in view the availability of appropriate and affordable technologies to attain those values. Lastly, as cogeneration is perceived as the most important energy conservation technology in Japan, a country which relies heavily on imports of primary energy supplies, the government is keen on developing new cogeneration technologies which can reduce cost, increase power generation and heat recovery efficiency, and minimize NOx emissions.
Page 1: PART 1: OVERVIEW OF COGENERATION AN
Page 4 and 5: 4 Part I: Overview of cogeneration
Page 12 and 13: State of art review of cogeneration
Page 36 and 37: Policy framework for promoting coge
Page 46 and 47: Cogeneration in Asia today 49 1.1 I
Page 50 and 51: Cogeneration in Asia today 53 1.3 T
Page 52 and 53: Cogeneration in Asia today 55 1.3.3
Page 58 and 59: Cogeneration in Asia today 61 1.7 R
Page 60 and 61: Cogeneration in Asia today 63 Every
Page 62 and 63: Cogeneration in Asia today 65 Cogen
Page 64 and 65: 68 Part II: Cogeneration experience
Page 78 and 79: Cogeneration experiences around the
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Sample case study in a pulp and pap
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part 1: overview of cogeneration and its status in asia - Fire

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