part 1: overview of cogeneration and its status in asia - Fire

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Cogeneration in Asia today 49 1.1 Introduction CHAPTER 1: COGENERATION IN ASIA TODAY The concept of cogeneration is not new to Asia. What is new, on the other hand, is the renewed interest in cogeneration associated with the recent changes in government policies regarding the role of private sector in the power sector. Deregulation of the power sector has given the right thrust towards revitalization of the cogeneration concept, and has provided an excellent opportunity for cogeneration to flourish. Experience in some countries have shown that while independent power producers (IPPs) are facing some teething problems, the small to medium sized cogeneration projects, despite their relatively small scale, have been more successful under the small power producer (SPP) programme. Based on location, environment and small-scale advantages, these projects have been capable of providing surplus power at highly attractive rates. The technology of cogeneration has matured over the years and equipment of all capacities and designs are readily available in the market. Moreover, the Asian region has a very large and growing industrial base from which cogeneration projects can be easily developed. Given the right policy and regulatory framework, and rational pricing mechanism, cogeneration is guaranteed to bring economic and environmental benefits at the micro and macro levels. The degree of cogeneration development varies widely from one country to another. There are several determining factors, including the level of economic and industrial development, status of power sector in terms of demand versus supply, availability of fuels, government policies regarding the role of private sector in energy supply, local climatic conditions, etc. Each country should develop its own strategy and set targets for developing cogeneration on the basis of above factors. In this context, the examples set by Japan as an industrialized country, and Thailand as a developing country, are noteworthy and their cogeneration experiences have been given in some details in this section. The status of cogeneration in some other Asian countries is also briefly covered here. Many Asian countries have a strong agriculture base and do generate large quantities of residues from agro-processing industries. These residues have proved to be an excellent primary energy source for cogeneration, not only meeting the thermal energy and power needs of the industries concerned, but also providing excess power which can be exported to the utility grid or sold to neighbouring industries. The last part of this section gives an overview of cogeneration from wood and agro-industrial residues in South-East Asia. 1.2 Status of Cogeneration in Japan 1 Following the Third Conference of Parties held at Kyoto in December 1997, Japan has set itself a target of reducing the greenhouse gas emission by 6 per cent by the year 2010, taking 1990 as the base year. An Environmental White Book was released in June 1998 wherein cogeneration appears as one of the important measures to reduce CO2 emission. 1 A. Ishiyama, “Use of cogeneration system in Japan”, ESCAP South-east Asia Sub-regional Seminar on Promotion of Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control through Cogeneration, Hanoi, 10-11 November 1998.
50 Part II: Cogeneration experiences in Asia and elsewhere Cogeneration is a well known concept in Japan, and the total cogenerating capacity of public power plants and industrial and commercial cogenerators represents 1.8 per cent of the total power generation capacity of the country. As of March 1998, there were 1,490 units totalling 789 MW installed for commercial use and 1,051 units totalling 3,507 MW for industrial applications. The details of capacities installed according to the type of prime mover are summarized in Table 1.1. As can be observed, industrial cogeneration plants with an average power generation capacity of 3.34 MW tend to be much bigger in size compared to the ones used for commercial applications, typically around 0.5 MW. Gas turbines are popular as prime movers for bigger capacities, followed by diesel engines, and gas engines are widely applied at sites with very low demand, ranging between 220 and 450 kW. Gas turbines have a low generating efficiency but higher heat recovery rate, making them more attractive for industries having high demand for steam. On the other hand, diesel engines with high generating capacities but low heat recovery rates are recommended for sites with high electricity demands and less heat, mostly in the form of hot water. Gas engines perform somewhere between the other two types of prime movers. Table 1.1 Cogeneration plants by types and capacities in Japan (March 1998) Type of application Projects Prime movers Commercial Use - Gas turbines - Diesel engine - Gas engines Industrial Use - Gas turbines - Diesel engine - Gas engines Number Total Capacity (MW) 45 768 677 255 563 233 156 407 226 1,986 1,366 155 1.2.1 Cogeneration development trend Average capacity (kW/project) 3,467 530 334 7,788 2,426 665 Number Average capacity (kW/unit) 81 1,347 1,022 333 1,075 344 1,926 302 221 5,964 1,271 451 The number of installations as well as the capacity has been steadily increasing over the last decade (see Figure 1.1). After a sharp rise in 1990, the growth rate slowed down in 1992 due to recession and decline of energy price. There has been a renewed interest in cogeneration, proven by the fact that over 850 MW of cogeneration capacity was added between March 1996 and March 1998. Data of commercial and industrial cogeneration by type of activity, including number of installations and generating capacities, are summarized in Table 1.2. Among commercial applications, hotels rank first in terms of number and total capacity, followed by shopping centres and offices. The main features of these sites include long and continuous operating hours, constant demand of thermal energy for hot water, steam and chilled water. Though a few in number, the district heating and cooling network projects with much higher average sizes, contribute significantly to the total capacity. Among industrial uses, pharmaceutical and chemical industries have the largest share in terms of number and capacity. Other subsectors having high cogeneration capacities are oil and gas, pulp and paper, iron and metals, and machinery. In contrast, the food industry uses many smaller systems. 1.2.2 Government support for promoting cogeneration The support extended by the government for promoting cogeneration may be classified into four categories: special taxation, low interest loan, investment subsidy, and subsidy for new technology development.
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