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The View from the Customs House 211<br />

475 bc. 28 From these duties, we gain a snapshot <strong>of</strong> the precise<br />

composition <strong>of</strong> the cargoes, the origins <strong>of</strong> the ships and their<br />

captains, and the value <strong>of</strong> the whole exercise to the Achaemenid<br />

state.<br />

The sophistication, complexity and prominence <strong>of</strong> the administrative<br />

machinery attested here gives an insight into Mediterranean<br />

trade in the fifth century bc that was wholly<br />

unexpected. No comparable record survives until the archives<br />

<strong>of</strong> Genoa in the thirteenth century ad, and there is an intuitive<br />

resemblance between the world evoked by the papyrus and the<br />

much more familiar images <strong>of</strong> the late-medieval Mediterranean,<br />

as we see it for instance in the vignette <strong>of</strong> the sexual hazards <strong>of</strong><br />

commercial seafaring which Boccaccio set around the dogana <strong>of</strong><br />

Palermo. 29 It is impossible not to be reminded <strong>of</strong> the courtesan<br />

Rhodopis in Herodotus’ account <strong>of</strong> the emporion Naucratis,<br />

which was itself to become a key centre for the fiscal control<br />

<strong>of</strong> Egyptian commerce. 30 The tenor <strong>of</strong> recent scholarship has<br />

been wholly against such intuitions: yet the new document may<br />

encourage us to enquire whether that resistance to comparison<br />

is well founded. 31 Take the issue <strong>of</strong> scale, which is sometimes<br />

28 Most recently, P. Briant and R. Descat, ‘Un registre douanier de la<br />

satrapie d’Egypte à l’époque achéménide’, in N. Grimal and B. Menu (eds.),<br />

Le Commerce en Egypte ancienne (Cairo, 1998), 59–104.<br />

29 Boccaccio, Decameron, VIII 10: ‘Soleva essere, e forse che ancora oggi è,<br />

una usanza, in tutte le terre marine che hanno porto, cosi fatta che tutti i<br />

mercatanti che in quelle con mercatantie capitano, faccendole scaricare, tutte<br />

in un fondaco, il quale in nostri luoghi e chiamato ‘‘dogana’’, tenuta per lo<br />

comune o per lo signor della terra, le portano. E quivi, dando a coloro che<br />

sopra ciò sono per iscritto tutta la mercatantia e il pregio di quella, è dato per li<br />

detti al mercatante un magazzino, nel quale esso la sua mercatantia ripone e<br />

serralo con la chiave; e li detti doganieri poi scrivono in sul libro della dogana a<br />

ragione del mercatante tutta la sua mercatantia, faccendosi poi del lor diritto<br />

pagare al mercatante, o per tutta o per parte della mercatantia che egli della<br />

dogana traesse. E da questo libro della dogana assai volte s’informano i sensali<br />

e delle qualità e delle quantità delle mercatantie che vi sono, e ancora chi sieno<br />

i mercatanti che l’hanno, con li quali poi essi, secondo che lor cade per mano,<br />

ragionano di cambi, di baratti e di vendite e d’altri spacci. La quale usanza, sì<br />

come in molti altri luoghi, era in Palermo in Cicilia.’<br />

30 Herodotus 2. 134–5. Boccaccio would not have shared Herodotus’ bafflement<br />

as to why major Mediterranean entrepôts were good places to find<br />

epaphroditoi hetairai.<br />

31 See however J. Rougé, ‘Prêt et société maritimes dans le monde<br />

romain’, Memoirs <strong>of</strong> the American Academy in Rome 34 (1980), 291–303, for

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