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The Mediterranean of Louis XV 245 based on recent astronomical observations and careful study of the works of ancient geographers, over the standard representation of the same features used by the best modern mapmakers (‘les meilleurs Géographes modernes’), in order to demonstrate the pressing need for more systematic research (Fig. 10.1). Fig. 10.1. Corrected map of Italy and Greece, from Guillaume Delisle, ‘Justification des mesures des anciens en matiere de geographie’, HAS, 1714, Mém. pl. 8. (Courtesy of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto.)
246 The Mediterranean of Louis XV Despite Fontenelle’s rhetoric, Delisle could not claim sole credit for the shrinking of the Mediterranean Sea: the first significant attempt to correct representations of its coasts based on astronomical observations of longitude was carried out by the Provençal scholar Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1580–1637). In 1635, he coordinated observations of a lunar eclipse made by a number of travellers stationed at different points around the Mediterranean, and thereby determined that the length of the sea was around 200 leagues shorter than was commonly believed. 25 Due to the complexity of the operations involved in such an enterprise, Delisle’s work was evidently impossible without the backing and resources of the French administration. Delisle himself never travelled, and he based his work on the researches of a number of engineers working for the Royal Navy and astronomers connected to the Académie des Sciences. Beginning in 1678, Colbert sponsored a number of cartographic missions in the Mediterranean as part of his larger agenda of encouraging maritime commerce and protecting French navigation. According to Colbert, the best way to assure the glory of the king and the prosperity of France was to obtain control of the Mediterranean Sea, admonishing his son and successor Jean-Baptiste, marquis de Seignelay (1651–90) to do everything in his power to further this enterprise. 26 Following on work by members of the Académie des Sciences to rectify the coasts of France in the 1670s and 80s, the first rigorous observations of the longitude of sites in the Levant by an operative of the French administration were made by the astronomer Jean-Mathieu de Chazelles (1657–1710). Like Delisle, Chazelles received his astronomical training from Cassini at the Paris observatory. In 1685, he was appointed professor of hydrography in Marseilles and participated in cartographic campaigns in the Mediterranean between 1686 and 1688 sponsored by Seignelay. In 1693, Seignelay’s successor, Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain (1643–1727) appointed Chazelles to travel to Egypt, Greece, Syria, and 25 H. Brown, Scientific Organizations in Seventeenth-Century France (1620–1680) (New York, 1934), 4–5; Broc, La Géographie, 17. 26 P. Clément, L’Italie en 1671: Relation d’un Voyage du marquis de Seignelay. (Paris, 1867), 38. Seignelay served as Secrétaire d’Etat à la Maison du Roi, chargé de la Marine from 1683–90.
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RETHINKING THE MEDITERRANEAN
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RETHINKING THE MEDITERRANEAN Edited
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PREFACE How useful is the Mediterra
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Preface vii I am sharply aware of w
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CONTENTS List of Maps xv List of Il
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Contents xi 5. Artificial revivals.
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Contents xiii 3. Doughnuts in cyber
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LIST OF MAPS 1. The eastern Mediter
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 10.1. Correct
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Braudel, MMW
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NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS David Abulafi
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Mycenae Crete M E D I T E R R A N E
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La Coruna ~ Lisbon Panóias M A U R
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1 The Mediterranean and Ancient His
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The Mediterranean and Ancient Histo
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long-distance exchange of commoditi
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The Big Canvas
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2 Practical Mediterraneanism: Excus
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Practical Mediterraneanism 47 richn
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Practical Mediterraneanism 49 own e
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Practical Mediterraneanism 51 My bu
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Practical Mediterraneanism 53 Iberi
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Practical Mediterraneanism 55 of
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Practical Mediterraneanism 57 Briti
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Practical Mediterraneanism 59 Such
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Practical Mediterraneanism 61 In an
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Practical Mediterraneanism 63 count
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Mediterraneans 65 The intention her
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Mediterraneans 67 another, literall
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Mediterraneans 69 tyrant Hieron off
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Mediterraneans 71 and the Islamic s
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Mediterraneans 73 lands in the coun
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Mediterraneans 75 combination of na
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Mediterraneans 77 northern Germany
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Mediterraneans 79 royal campaigns,
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Mediterraneans 81 dissuaded histori
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Mediterraneans 83 sea, and the midd
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Mediterraneans 85 instance) the muc
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Mediterraneans 87 different process
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Mediterraneans 89 seals, and under
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Mediterraneans 91 Malacca was a sor
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Mediterraneans 93 of their often po
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Ecology and Beyond 95 level unknown
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Ecology and Beyond 97 by sea. Archa
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Ecology and Beyond 99 coast, of the
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Ecology and Beyond 101 the New King
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Ecology and Beyond 103 trade in the
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Ecology and Beyond 105 Then it shou
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Ecology and Beyond 107 text is to b
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Ecology and Beyond 109 gation of Af
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Ecology and Beyond 111 And if one t
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Ecology and Beyond 113 important pr
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Angles of Vision
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5 The Eastern Mediterranean in Earl
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The Early Eastern Mediterranean 119
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6 Ritual Dynamics in the Eastern Me
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Ritual Dynamics 143 sacralized econ
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Ritual Dynamics 145 oath ceremonies
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Ritual Dynamics 147 a radical disco
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Ritual Dynamics 149 of rituals of m
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Ritual Dynamics 151 often this elus
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Ritual Dynamics 153 Thanks to numer
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Ritual Dynamics 155 inscriptions we
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Ritual Dynamics 157 of no blaze tha
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Ritual Dynamics 159 a maiden, which
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Boeotia, the question asked is not
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Ritual Dynamics 163 who revived a n
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Ritual Dynamics 165 a new social co
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7 The East-West Orientation of Medi
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East-West Orientation 169 globe.’
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East-West Orientation 171 thereby e
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East-West Orientation 173 slave, fr
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East-West Orientation 175 not be su
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East-West Orientation 177 Yet a str
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8 Travel Sickness: Medicine and Mob
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Travel Sickness 181 suffering requi
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Travel Sickness 183 is the highway,
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Travel Sickness 185 The latter read
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Travel Sickness 187 clear, nonethel
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Travel Sickness 189 charmes our sen
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Travel Sickness 191 images). 47 Thi
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Travel Sickness 193 and Latin Europ
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Page 224 and 225: Travel Sickness 197 tained writing
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Page 228 and 229: The View from the Customs House 201
Page 260 and 261: The Archaeology of Knowledge
Page 262 and 263: 10 Travel and Experience in the Med
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Page 277 and 278: 250 The Mediterranean of Louis XV F
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Page 289 and 290: Fig. 10.7. ‘Vue du Temple de Mine
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Page 295 and 296: 11 The Mirage of Greek Continuity:
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Page 309 and 310: 282 Mirage of Greek Continuity Guys
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Page 321 and 322: 12 Mediterranean Reception in the A
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296 Mediterranean Reception in the
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13 Alphabet Soup in the Mediterrane
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316 Alphabet Soup argue, in a name.
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Table 13.1. Continues Abbreviation
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320 Alphabet Soup seems to have sur
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322 Alphabet Soup coherence of the
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324 Alphabet Soup Spanish, and Ital
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326 Alphabet Soup 5. mission and ag
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328 Alphabet Soup What particularly
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330 Alphabet Soup subtitle: The Aus
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332 Alphabet Soup A Journal that de
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334 Alphabet Soup of society in the
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336 Alphabet Soup one—for the pos
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340 Egypt and the Mediterranean str
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342 Egypt and the Mediterranean In
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344 Egypt and the Mediterranean vis
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346 Egypt and the Mediterranean pos
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15 Four Years of Corruption: A Resp
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350 Four Years of Corruption CS, fi
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352 Four Years of Corruption ‘onl
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354 Four Years of Corruption settle
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356 Four Years of Corruption The st
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358 Four Years of Corruption CS was
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360 Four Years of Corruption Later
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362 Four Years of Corruption Let us
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364 Four Years of Corruption All th
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366 Four Years of Corruption combin
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368 Four Years of Corruption months
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370 Four Years of Corruption being,
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372 Four Years of Corruption we do
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374 Four Years of Corruption Third,
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378 Select Bibliography Alföldy, G
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380 Select Bibliography J. L. Bintl
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382 Select Bibliography Swedish Ins
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384 Select Bibliography Cherry, J.
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386 Select Bibliography zum Gegenwa
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388 Select Bibliography Friedlände
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390 Select Bibliography Grundlagen
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392 Select Bibliography Horden, P.,
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394 Select Bibliography Lederman, R
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396 Select Bibliography Merkelbach,
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398 Select Bibliography Osborne, R.
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400 Select Bibliography Ridgway, D.
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402 Select Bibliography Shaw, I., T
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404 Select Bibliography Van De Mier
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408 Index Braudel, F. (cont.) 221,
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410 Index Greaves, John 239 Greece,
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412 Index Miletus 152-3 mineral res
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414 Index Thasos 222-3, 226 Theocri
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