PDF (PhD Thesis Susan Chipchase) - Nottingham eTheses ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Tukey’s post hocs: For objects Same > Similar, Same > New, for backgrounds Same > Similar (Objects: q = 11.53, 12.54, p < .001; Backgrounds q = 4.28, p < .05) Emotion* Response type F(4,68) = 2.30, MSe = 0.08, p = .07, !p 2 = .12 Scene component* emotion* response type F(4,68) = 9.16, MSe = 0.24, p < .001, !p 2 = .35 For further analysis see planned contrasts Similar items Response type F(2,34) = 3.84, MSe = 0.52, p < .05, !p 2 = .18 Scene component* Response type Tukey’s post hocs: Similar > Same (q = 3.91, p < .05) F(2,34) = 28.79, MSe = 1.55, p < .001, !p 2 = .63 Tukey’s post hocs: For objects Similar > Same, Similar > New, for backgrounds New > Same (Objects: q = 3.76, 6.13, p < .05, .001; backgrounds q = 4.78, p < .01) Emotion* Response type F(4,68) = 2.38, MSe = 0.10, p = .06, !p 2 = .12 Scene component* emotion* response type F(4,68) = 1.92, MSe = 0.09, p = .12, !p 2 = .10 New items Response type F(1.34,22.75) = 332.39, MSe = 20.67, p < .001, !p 2 = .95 Tukey’s post hocs: New > Same, New > Similar, 327
Scene component* Response type Similar > Same (q = 33.33, 29.47, 3.86, p < .001, .001, .05 respectively) F(2,34) = 0.57, MSe = 0.02, p = .57, !p 2 = .03 Emotion* Response type F(2.25,38.25) = 0.82, MSe = 0.02, p = .52, !p 2 = .05 Scene component* emotion* response type Table 5.1.6. Planned Contrasts Same response Similar response New response Emotional vs. Neutral Emo ! Neu F(1,17) = 2.37, p = .14 Emo ! Neu F(1,17) = 0.21, p = .65 Emo ! Neu F(1,17) = 3.85, p = .07 F(2.34,39.86) = 1.42, MSe = 0.02, p = .24, !p 2 = .08 Background Object Negative vs. Positive SAME items Neg ! Pos F(1,17) = 2.59, p = .13 Neg ! Pos F(1,17) = 0.46, p = .51 Neg > Pos F(1,17) = 5.82, p < .05 SIMILAR items Emotional vs. Neutral Emo > Neu F(1,17) = 19.47, p < .001 Emo < Neu F(1,17) = 6.75, p < .05 Emo < Neu F(1,17) = 8.19, p < .05 Negative vs. Positive Neg ! Pos F(1,17) = 2.74, p = .12 Neg < Pos F(1,17) = 4.62, p < .05 Neg ! Pos F(1,17) < 0.01, p = 1.00 Same Emo ! Neu Neg ! Pos Emo ! Neu Neg ! Pos 328
Page 1 and 2:
THE EMOTIONAL ENHANCEMENT OF MEMORY
Page 3 and 4:
the memory effects. Surprisingly, t
Page 5 and 6:
and motivation was waning. Most imp
Page 7 and 8:
Meta-analysis: Experiments 6-10…
Page 9 and 10:
negative, neutral or positive objec
Page 11 and 12:
Figure 6.2. Summary of findings fro
Page 13 and 14:
Table 3.5. Criteria for giving resp
Page 15 and 16:
avoidance task ………………
Page 17 and 18:
loved one could block their ability
Page 19 and 20:
eport, physiological response and c
Page 21 and 22:
Section 1.2. What effects do emotio
Page 23 and 24:
due to external influences. In cont
Page 25 and 26:
of naturally occurring emotions or
Page 27 and 28:
ecause mood inductions generally re
Page 29 and 30:
(e.g. Conway et al., 1994). Memory
Page 31 and 32:
alternatives (Lockhart, 2000). The
Page 33 and 34:
equired participants to distinguish
Page 35 and 36:
een found when memory is assessed b
Page 37 and 38:
peripheral elements of emotional an
Page 39 and 40:
processing of the specific content
Page 41 and 42:
failure to retrieve episodic memori
Page 43 and 44:
effects on cognitive processes, eve
Page 45 and 46:
ecollection and familiarity within
Page 47 and 48:
emotional influence on memory. In t
Page 49 and 50:
year (Dolcos et al., 2005). There a
Page 51 and 52:
e suitable for investigating memory
Page 53 and 54:
possible that having to distinguish
Page 55 and 56:
of photographs of people, animals a
Page 57 and 58:
Retrieval phase: Participants then
Page 59:
y the ANOVA’s. These are only rep
Page 62 and 63:
Table 2.1: Experiments 1 and 2: Res
Page 64 and 65:
In these experiments the influence
Page 66 and 67:
We found evidence of recognition me
Page 68 and 69:
For the recognition test, which was
Page 70 and 71:
Section 5. Experiments 2A and 2B: P
Page 72 and 73:
items that had been seen previously
Page 74 and 75:
Section 7. Experiment 2E: Recogniti
Page 76 and 77:
Table 2.2. Experiment 2: Results of
Page 78 and 79:
For the ‘know’ responses the ma
Page 80 and 81:
Section 8. Experiment 2 - General D
Page 82 and 83:
Presentation of stimuli in blocked
Page 84 and 85:
It is possible that the act of maki
Page 86 and 87:
enhancement can be influenced by re
Page 88 and 89:
levels of memory between the positi
Page 90 and 91:
the performance of any subsequent t
Page 92 and 93:
experiment to provide a set of targ
Page 94 and 95:
Experimental stimuli were presented
Page 96 and 97:
Recognition performance in all thre
Page 98 and 99:
Analysis of RKG responses We analys
Page 100 and 101:
Further signal detection analysis o
Page 102 and 103:
stimuli, which corresponded with mo
Page 104 and 105:
could be generalised to the real-wo
Page 106 and 107:
paradigm was first introduced by Tu
Page 108 and 109:
The nature of recognition memory an
Page 110 and 111:
The relation between Remember/Know/
Page 112 and 113:
We proposed that a Remember respons
Page 114 and 115:
to either the RKN or SSN memory tas
Page 116 and 117:
change in a dimension (e.g., a ligh
Page 118 and 119:
were prompted to indicate by key pr
Page 120 and 121:
When you think the picture was not
Page 122 and 123:
conducted to further analyse the ma
Page 124 and 125:
interactions in the ANOVAs were fou
Page 126 and 127:
Table 3.9. Same/Similar/New task: N
Page 128 and 129:
Orthogonal contrasts revealed that
Page 130 and 131:
Table 3.11. Remember/Know/New task:
Page 132 and 133:
suitable responses were not equable
Page 134 and 135:
We found that more ‘remember’ r
Page 136 and 137:
say that context is easier to remem
Page 138 and 139:
Levine & Bluck, 2004; Storbeck & Cl
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 4.1. Examples of pairs of ne
Page 142 and 143:
Familiarity i) Word frequency and w
Page 144 and 145:
were not sure if there was going to
Page 146 and 147:
Table 4.1. Experiment 5: Proportion
Page 148 and 149:
memory for positive stimuli. These
Page 150 and 151:
whether visual specificity for posi
Page 152 and 153:
Figure 4.3. Examples of stimuli. St
Page 154 and 155:
0.59 (-1.65 to 2.55; 0.98) respecti
Page 156 and 157:
Section 3.3. Results The data for t
Page 158 and 159:
Figure 4.4. Mean average specific a
Page 160 and 161:
The possibility of a response bias
Page 162 and 163:
Section 4. Experiment 7: Biases in
Page 164 and 165:
of an attentional encoding explanat
Page 166 and 167:
esults will be found as for Experim
Page 168 and 169:
of one second was displayed before
Page 170 and 171:
Table 4.3. Mean responses (SE) for
Page 172 and 173:
greater recognition for the objects
Page 174 and 175:
Table 4.4. Mean average (SE) number
Page 176 and 177:
eveal a significantly longer total
Page 178 and 179:
difference between scenes with a ne
Page 180 and 181:
of memory for positive objects was
Page 182 and 183:
independent of attention, which is
Page 184 and 185:
lack of a central-peripheral trade-
Page 186 and 187:
to a detriment in memory for periph
Page 188 and 189:
Alternative measures of memory: Ass
Page 190 and 191:
associative binding (Touryan et al,
Page 192 and 193:
greatly diminish or disappear with
Page 194 and 195:
Factors unrelated to intrinsic emot
Page 196 and 197:
faces or places (Puri & Wojciulik,
Page 198 and 199:
We predict that the pattern of memo
Page 200 and 201:
ackground they had seen in the stud
Page 202 and 203:
component (F(2,34) = 5.45, MSe = 0.
Page 204 and 205:
Associative Memory In the associati
Page 206 and 207:
The number of fixations made were a
Page 208 and 209:
longer total gaze duration on the e
Page 210 and 211:
.54], nor on backgrounds of scenes
Page 212 and 213:
the background when presented later
Page 214 and 215:
Section 3.1. Introduction Section 3
Page 216 and 217:
were then shown, preceded by a 20 s
Page 218 and 219:
2.56, p < .001, partial eta 2 = .71
Page 220 and 221:
(negative, neutral, positive) and s
Page 222 and 223:
object in a scene. There was no sig
Page 224 and 225:
eradication of any emotional enhanc
Page 226 and 227:
possible that the emotional stimuli
Page 228 and 229:
central-peripheral trade off in the
Page 230 and 231:
Section 3.3. Results Results of the
Page 232 and 233:
Planned contrasts revealed the impa
Page 234 and 235:
component (object, background) inte
Page 236 and 237:
ackground of the scene. There was n
Page 238 and 239:
Section 3.4. Discussion There was e
Page 240 and 241:
identify with eye movement recordin
Page 242 and 243:
Table 5.7. Average ratings (standar
Page 244 and 245:
emotional influence on the results
Page 246 and 247:
Figure 5.7. Specific and general re
Page 248 and 249:
ecognition of positive and negative
Page 250 and 251:
Figure 5.9. Specific and General Re
Page 252 and 253:
Section 5.3. Eye movement results T
Page 254 and 255:
.01). Post-hoc Tukey’s HSD were u
Page 256 and 257:
The number of fixations made on dif
Page 258 and 259:
(F(1.79,5.37) = 7.12, MSe = 232535.
Page 260 and 261:
emotional and neutral object [F(1,6
Page 262 and 263:
Figure 5.16. Experiments 7 - 10: Av
Page 264 and 265:
may be that the scenes were easier
Page 266 and 267:
Chapter 6. Discussion In the final
Page 268 and 269:
In chapter 4 I extended the experim
Page 270 and 271:
Figure 6.3 Summary of findings from
Page 272 and 273:
alternative measures of attention h
Page 274 and 275:
distribution of visual attention re
Page 276 and 277:
designing and conducting experiment
Page 278 and 279:
contributed to the difficulty in cr
Page 280 and 281:
whether these perceptual difference
Page 282 and 283: Richardson-Klavehn, 2005) with the
Page 284 and 285: High Threshold Theory (Macmillan &
Page 286 and 287: participant and the artificial prod
Page 288 and 289: References Adolphs, R. (2002). Reco
Page 290 and 291: Buchanan, T. W. (2007). Retrieval o
Page 292 and 293: Davidson, R. J. (1994). On emotion,
Page 294 and 295: Gardiner, J. M., Ramponi, C., & Ric
Page 296 and 297: James, W. (1884). What is an emotio
Page 298 and 299: Levine, L. J., & Bluck, S. (2004).
Page 300 and 301: components. Journal of Experimental
Page 302 and 303: Rowe, G., Hirsh, J. B., & Anderson,
Page 304 and 305: Talmi, D., Schimmack, U., Paterson,
Page 306 and 307: Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal e
Page 308 and 309: Appendix 2.2. ANOVA Analyses for Ex
Page 310 and 311: Table 2.2.4. Experiment 1: Separate
Page 312 and 313: Appendix 3.2. Contamination of Retr
Page 314 and 315: Appendix 4.1 Analysis of Same, Simi
Page 316 and 317: Scene component* emotion* response
Page 318 and 319: Section 4.1.2 Analysis for Experime
Page 320 and 321: Emotion* Response type F(4,68) = 0.
Page 322 and 323: esponse F(1,17) = 0.25, New respons
Page 324 and 325: Scene component* Response type Tuke
Page 326 and 327: Same response Similar response New
Page 328 and 329: Effect ANOVA result Response type F
Page 330 and 331: Similar response New response Same
Page 334 and 335: esponse F(1,17) = 1.95, Similar res
show all

PDF (PhD Thesis Susan Chipchase) - Nottingham eTheses ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?