csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

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metric (e.g., mg/m 3 ), instead of the intake of a contaminant in air based on inhalation rate and body weight (e.g., mg/kg-day). Recommended inhalation rates (both long- and short-term) are provided in the next section, along with the confidence ratings for these recommendations. These recommendations are based on four key studies identified by U.S. EPA for this factor. Long-term exposure is repeated exposure for more than 30 days, up to approximately 10% of the life span in humans (more than 30 days). Long-term inhalation rates for children (including infants) are presented as daily rates (m 3 /day). Short-term exposure is repeated exposure for more than 24 hours, up to 30 days. Short-term inhalation rates are reported for children (including infants) performing various activities in m 3 /minute. Following the recommendations, the available studies (both key and relevant studies) on inhalation rates are summarized. 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS The recommended inhalation rates for children are based on four recent studies: Brochu et al., 2006; U.S. EPA, 2006; Arcus-Arth and Blaisdell, 2007; and Stifelman, 2007. These studies represent an improvement upon those previously used for recommended inhalation rates in this handbook, because they use a large data set that is representative of the United States as a whole and consider the correlation between body weight and inhalation rate. The selection of inhalation rates to be used for exposure assessments depends on the age of the exposed population and the specific activity levels of this population during various exposure scenarios. The recommended long-term values for children (including infants) for use in various exposure scenarios are presented in Table 6-1 for the standard U.S. EPA childhood age groups used in this handbook. As shown in Table 6-1, the daily average inhalation rates for long-term exposures for male and female children combined (unadjusted for body weight) range from 3.6 m 3 /day for children from birth to
Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 6 - Inhalation Rates Age Group Table 6-1. Recommended Long-Term Exposure (More Than 30 Days) Values for Inhalation (Males and Females Combined). Mean m 3 /day Sources Used for Means 95 th Percentile m 3 /day Sources Used for 95 th Percentiles Multiple Percentiles Birth to
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National Center for Environmental A
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS Child-Speci
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CSEFH 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continue
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continu
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES Child-Specific
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Ch
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CSEFH ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Ch
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CSEFH OPP = Office of Pesticide Pro
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CSEFH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Child-
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CSEFH were discussed in the guideli
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CSEFH Table ES-1. Summary of Recomm
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CSEFH Youngmoo Kim, U.S. EPA, Regio
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Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
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exposure assessor) to distinguish b
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is perhaps the most common method o
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uncertainty is high, a sensitivity
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Peretz, C.; Goldberg, P.; Kahan, E.
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Table 2-3. Approaches to Quantitati
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water ingestion is summarized. Rele
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3.3 DRINKING WATER INGESTION STUDIE
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that the three-day diary has been s
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million. In addition, whites were u
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an indicator of pool water ingestio
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Table 3-4. Per Capita a Estimates o
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Table 3-8. Per Capitaa Estimates of
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Table 3-11. Per Capita a Estimates
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Table 3-14. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-18. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-21. Consumers Only a Estima
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Water Ingested (mL/day) a from Wate
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Table 3-26. Plain Tap Water and Tot
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Total fluid Plain water Milk Carbon
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Tap Water Intake in Breastfed and F
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Table 3-32. Mean (± Standard Devia
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Study Group Table 3-34. Pool Water
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of specific mouthing events, expres
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Table 4-2. Confidence in Recommenda
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their children’s mouthing behavio
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to mouth activity was recorded duri
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contacts occurring during the objec
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unlikely to be representative of th
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2 to 3 days old, in a quiet, temper
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waking hours. Parents also recorded
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outdoor mouthing rates. The authors
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Activity Data of Two- to Four-Year-
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Table 4-6. Variability in Objects M
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Behavior Child-Specific Exposure Fa
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Age Group Birth to
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8.3 KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 8.3.1 U.S
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III (1966-70) for ages 12-17 years,
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8.4.9 Kahn and Stralka, 2008 - Esti
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Table 8-3. Mean and Percentile Body
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Page Child-Specific Exposure Factor
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Table 8-8. Statistics for Probabili
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Figure 8-2. Weight by Age Percentil
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Figure 8-4. Weight by Length Percen
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Figure 8-6. Body Mass Index-for-Age
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Source: Gestational Age (weeks) 25
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of the food consumed after the mois
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Minimal (or Defined) Bias Child-Spe
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9.3 INTAKE STUDIES The primary sour
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9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable
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Weighted data were used in all of t
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Page Child-Specifi c Exposur e Fact
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Vegetables Any Vegetable Baby Food
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4 to 5 months 6 to 11 months 12 to
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All fruits Canned fruit Fresh fruit
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Table 9-23. Mean Moisture Content o
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eported on fish intake for children
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a Table 10-1. Recommended Values fo
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10.3 GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10.
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Minnesota, and North Dakota. While
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elow the value of 8 ounces most com
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into a single pooled data set is so
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as described in Section 10.6.1.2, a
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Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Co
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Table 10-12. Fish Consumption Among
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Table 10-18. Mean Fish Intake Among
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Table 10-23. Consumption Rates for
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Species a Anadromous fish Pelagic f
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Lingcod Mackerel, Atlantic Mackerel
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Child-Specific Exposur e Factor s H
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Total Grains 95000060 15000250 1500
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National Center for Environmental A
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csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

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