csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

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Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 13 - Intake of Home-Produced Foods Table 13B-1. Food Codes and Definitions Used in Analysis of the 1987-1988 USDA NFCS Household Data to Estimate Fraction of Food Intake that is Home-produced (continued) Food Product Household Code/Definition Other Berries 5033- Fresh Berries Other than Strawberries 5122804 Comm. Canned Blackberries with sugar 5122805 Comm. Canned Blackberries without sugar 5122806 Comm. Canned Blueberries with sugar 5122807 Comm. Canned Blueberries without sugar 5122808 Canned Blueberry Pie Filling 5122809 Comm. Canned Gooseberries with sugar 5122810 Comm. Canned Gooseberries without sugar 5122811 Comm. Canned Raspberries with sugar 5122812 Comm. Canned Raspberries without sugar 5122813 Comm. Canned Cranberry Sauce 5122815 Comm. Canned Cranberry-Orange Relish 52233 Comm. Frozen Berries (not strawberries) Peaches 5332404 Blackberry Juice (home and comm. canned) 5423114 Dried Berries (not strawberries) (does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures) 5036- Fresh Peaches 51224 Comm. Canned Peaches (incl. baby) Pears 5223601 Comm. Frozen Peaches 5332405 Home Canned Peach Juice 5423105 Dried Peaches (baby) 5423106 Dried Peaches (does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures) 5037- Fresh Pears 51225 Comm. Canned Pears (incl. baby) 5332403 Comm. Canned Pear Juice, baby 5362204 Fresh Pear Juice 5423107 Dried Pears (does not include ready-to-eat dinners; includes baby foods except mixtures) Citrus Fruits 501 Fresh Citrus Fruits 5121 Comm. Canned Citrus Fruits 5331 Canned Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice 5341 Frozen Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice 5351 Aseptically Packed Citrus and Citr. Blend Juice 5361 Fresh Citrus and Citrus Blend Juice (includes baby foods; excludes dried fruits) Other 502 Fresh Other Vitamin C-Rich Fruits Fruits 503 Fresh Other Fruits 5122 Comm. Canned Fruits Other than Citrus 5222 Frozen Strawberries 5332 Frozen Other than Citr. or Vitamin C-Rich Fr. 5333 Canned Fruit Juice Other than Citrus 5352 Frozen Juices Other than Citrus 5362 Aseptically Packed Fruit Juice Other than Citr. 542 Fresh Fruit Juice Other than Citrus Dry Fruits (includes baby foods; excludes dried fruits) Page Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook 13B-6 September 2008
Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 14 - Total Food Intake 14 TOTAL FOOD INTAKE 14.1 INTRODUCTION The U.S. food supply is generally considered to be one of the safest in the world. Nevertheless, contamination of foods may occur as a result of environmental pollution of the air, water, or soil, or the intentional use of chemicals such as pesticides or other agrochemicals. Ingestion of contaminated foods is a potential pathway of exposure to such contaminants among children. To assess chemical exposure through this pathway, information on food ingestion rates is needed. Per capita and consumers only data on food consumption rates for various food items and food categories are reported in Chapters 9 through 13 of this handbook. These intake rates were estimated by U.S. EPA using databases developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). U.S. EPA (2007) expanded the analysis of food intake in order to examine individuals’ food consumption habits in greater detail. Using data from the USDA’s Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals (CSFII) conducted in 1994-1996, 1998, U.S. EPA (2007) derived distributions to characterize (1) total food intake among various groups in the U.S. population, subdivided by age, race, geographic region, and urbanization; (2) the contribution of various food categories (e.g., meats, grains, vegetables, etc.) to total food intake among these populations; and (3) the contribution of various food categories to total food intake among individuals exhibiting low- or high-end consumption patterns of a specific food category (e.g., individuals below the 10 th percentile or above the 90 th percentile for fish consumption). These data may be useful for assessing exposure among populations exhibiting lower or higher than usual intake of certain types of foods (e.g., people who eat little or no meat, or people who eat large quantities of fish). The recommendations for total food intake rates are provided in the next section, along with a summary of the confidence ratings for these recommendations. Following the recommendations, the key study on total food intake is summarized. 14.2 RECOMMENDATIONS A summary of recommended values for total food intake, on an as-consumed basis, is presented in Table 14-1. The confidence ratings for these recommendations are presented in Table 14-2. The recommended intake rates for children are based on data from the U.S. EPA (2007) analysis of CSFII data. However, the analysis presented in U.S. EPA (2007) was conducted before U.S. EPA published the guidance entitled Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants (U.S. EPA, 2005). As a result, the age groups used for children in U.S. EPA (2007) were not entirely consistent with the age groups recommended in the 2005 guidance. Therefore, a re-analysis of the data was conducted to conform with U.S. EPA’s recommended age groups for children. Because these recommendations are based on 1994-96 and 1998 CSFII data, they may not reflect recent changes that may have occurred in consumption patterns. In addition, these distributions are based on data collected over a 2-day period and may not necessarily reflect the long-term distribution of average daily intake rates. However, for the broad categories of foods used in this analysis (e.g., total foods, total fruits, total vegetables, etc.), because they are typically eaten on a daily basis throughout the year with minimal seasonality, the short- term distribution may be a reasonable approximation of the long-term distribution, although it will display somewhat increased variability. This implies that the upper percentiles shown here will tend to overestimate the corresponding percentiles of the true long-term distribution. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Page September 2008 14-1
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National Center for Environmental A
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS Child-Speci
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CSEFH 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continue
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continu
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES Child-Specific
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Ch
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CSEFH ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Ch
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CSEFH OPP = Office of Pesticide Pro
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CSEFH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Child-
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CSEFH were discussed in the guideli
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CSEFH Table ES-1. Summary of Recomm
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CSEFH Youngmoo Kim, U.S. EPA, Regio
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Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
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exposure assessor) to distinguish b
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is perhaps the most common method o
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uncertainty is high, a sensitivity
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Peretz, C.; Goldberg, P.; Kahan, E.
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Table 2-3. Approaches to Quantitati
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water ingestion is summarized. Rele
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3.3 DRINKING WATER INGESTION STUDIE
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that the three-day diary has been s
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million. In addition, whites were u
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an indicator of pool water ingestio
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Table 3-4. Per Capita a Estimates o
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Table 3-8. Per Capitaa Estimates of
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Table 3-11. Per Capita a Estimates
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Table 3-14. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-18. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-21. Consumers Only a Estima
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Water Ingested (mL/day) a from Wate
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Table 3-26. Plain Tap Water and Tot
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Total fluid Plain water Milk Carbon
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Tap Water Intake in Breastfed and F
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Table 3-32. Mean (± Standard Devia
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Study Group Table 3-34. Pool Water
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of specific mouthing events, expres
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Table 4-2. Confidence in Recommenda
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their children’s mouthing behavio
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to mouth activity was recorded duri
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contacts occurring during the objec
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unlikely to be representative of th
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2 to 3 days old, in a quiet, temper
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waking hours. Parents also recorded
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outdoor mouthing rates. The authors
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Activity Data of Two- to Four-Year-
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Table 4-6. Variability in Objects M
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Behavior Child-Specific Exposure Fa
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Table 4-17. Estimated Mean Daily Mo
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Age Group Birth to
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8.3 KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 8.3.1 U.S
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III (1966-70) for ages 12-17 years,
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8.4.9 Kahn and Stralka, 2008 - Esti
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Table 8-3. Mean and Percentile Body
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Page Child-Specific Exposure Factor
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Table 8-8. Statistics for Probabili
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Figure 8-2. Weight by Age Percentil
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Figure 8-4. Weight by Length Percen
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Figure 8-6. Body Mass Index-for-Age
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Source: Gestational Age (weeks) 25
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of the food consumed after the mois
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Minimal (or Defined) Bias Child-Spe
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9.3 INTAKE STUDIES The primary sour
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9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable
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Weighted data were used in all of t
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Page Child-Specifi c Exposur e Fact
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Vegetables Any Vegetable Baby Food
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4 to 5 months 6 to 11 months 12 to
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All fruits Canned fruit Fresh fruit
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Table 9-23. Mean Moisture Content o
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eported on fish intake for children
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a Table 10-1. Recommended Values fo
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10.3 GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10.
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Minnesota, and North Dakota. While
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elow the value of 8 ounces most com
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into a single pooled data set is so
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as described in Section 10.6.1.2, a
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Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Co
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Table 10-12. Fish Consumption Among
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Table 10-18. Mean Fish Intake Among
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Table 10-23. Consumption Rates for
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Species a Anadromous fish Pelagic f
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Lingcod Mackerel, Atlantic Mackerel
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Child-Specific Exposur e Factor s H
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National Center for Environmental A
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