csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

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12.3 INTAKE STUDIES The primary source of recent information on consumption rates of grain products among children is the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) CSFII. Data from the 1994-96 CSFII and the 1998 Children’s supplement to the 1994-96 CSFII have been used in various studies to generate children’s consumer-only and per capita intake rates for both individual grain products and total grains. The CSFII is a series of surveys designed to measure the kinds and amounts of foods eaten by Americans. The CSFII 1994-96 was conducted between January 1994 and January 1997 with a target population of non-institutionalized individuals in all 50 states and Washington, D.C. In each of the 3 survey years, data were collected for a nationally representative sample of individuals of all ages. The CSFII 1998 was conducted between December 1997 and December 1998 and surveyed children 9 years of age and younger. It used the same sample design as the CSFII 1994-96 and was intended to be merged with CSFII 1994-96 to increase the sample size for children. The merged surveys are designated as CSFII 1994-96, 1998. Additional information on these surveys can be obtained at http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14531. The CSFII 1994-96, 1998 collected dietary intake data through in-person interviews on 2 nonconsecutive days. The data were based on 24-hour recall. A total of 21,662 individuals provided data for the first day; of those individuals, 20,607 provided data for a second day. Over 11,000 of the sample persons represented children up to 18 years of age. The 2-day response rate for the 1994-1996 CSFII was approximately 76 percent. The 2-day response rate for CSFII 1998 was 82 percent. The CSFII 1994-96, 98 surveys were based on a complex multistage area probability sample design. The sampling frame was organized using 1990 U.S. population census estimates, and the stratification plan took into account geographic location, degree of urbanization, and socioeconomic characteristics. Several sets of sampling weights are available for use with the intake data. By using appropriate weights, data for all fours years of the surveys can be combined. USDA recommends that all 4 years be combined in order to provide an adequate sample size for children. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products 12.3.1 Key Grain Intake Study 12.3.1.1 U.S. EPA Analysis of CSFII 1994-96, 1998 For many years, the U.S. EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) has used food consumption data collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for its dietary risk assessments. Most recently, OPP, in cooperation with USDA’s Agricultural Research Service (ARS), used data from the 1994-96, 1998 CSFII to develop the Food Commodity Intake Database (FCID). CSFII data on the foods people reported eating were converted to the quantities of agricultural commodities eaten. "Agricultural commodity" is a term used by U.S. EPA to mean plant (or animal) parts consumed by humans as food; when such items are raw or unprocessed, they are referred to as "raw agricultural commodities." For example, an apple pie may contain the commodities apples, flour, fat, sugar and spices. FCID contains approximately 553 unique commodity names and 8-digit codes. The FCID commodity names and codes were selected and defined by U.S. EPA and were based on the U.S. EPA Food Commodity Vocabulary (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed/). The grain items/groups selected for the U.S. EPA analysis included total grains, and individual grain products such as cereal and rice. Appendix 12A presents the food codes and definitions used to determine the various grain products used in the analysis. Intake rates for these food items/groups represent intake of all forms of the product (e.g., both home produced and commercially produced). Children who provided data for two days of the survey were included in the intake estimates. Individuals who did not provide information on body weight or for whom identifying information was unavailable were excluded from the analysis. Two-day average intake rates were calculated for all individuals in the database for each of the food items/groups. These average daily intake rates were divided by each individual's reported body weight to generate intake rates in units of grams per kilogram of body weight per day (g/kg-day). The data were weighted according to the four-year, two-day sample weights provided in the 1994-96, 1998 CSFII to adjust the data for the sample population to reflect the national population. Summary statistics were generated on both Page Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook 12-6 September 2008
Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 12 - Intake of Grain Products a per capita and a consumer only basis. For per capita intake, both users and non-users of the food item were included in the analysis. Consumer-only intake rates were calculated using data for only those individuals who ate the food item of interest during the survey period. Intake data from the CSFII are based on asconsumed (i.e., cooked or prepared) forms of the food items/groups. Summary statistics, including: number of observations, percentage of the population consuming the grain product being analyzed, mean intake rate, and standard error of the mean intake rate were calculated for total grains and selected individual grain products. Percentiles of the intake rate distribution (i.e., 1st, 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, 95th, 99th, and 100th percentile were also provided for total grains. Data were provided for the following age groups of children: birth to
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National Center for Environmental A
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS Child-Speci
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CSEFH 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continue
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continu
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES Child-Specific
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Ch
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CSEFH ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Ch
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CSEFH OPP = Office of Pesticide Pro
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CSEFH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Child-
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CSEFH were discussed in the guideli
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CSEFH Table ES-1. Summary of Recomm
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CSEFH Youngmoo Kim, U.S. EPA, Regio
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Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
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exposure assessor) to distinguish b
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is perhaps the most common method o
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uncertainty is high, a sensitivity
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Peretz, C.; Goldberg, P.; Kahan, E.
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Table 2-3. Approaches to Quantitati
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water ingestion is summarized. Rele
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3.3 DRINKING WATER INGESTION STUDIE
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that the three-day diary has been s
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million. In addition, whites were u
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an indicator of pool water ingestio
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Table 3-4. Per Capita a Estimates o
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Table 3-8. Per Capitaa Estimates of
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Table 3-11. Per Capita a Estimates
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Table 3-14. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-18. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-21. Consumers Only a Estima
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Water Ingested (mL/day) a from Wate
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Table 3-26. Plain Tap Water and Tot
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Total fluid Plain water Milk Carbon
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Tap Water Intake in Breastfed and F
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Table 3-32. Mean (± Standard Devia
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Study Group Table 3-34. Pool Water
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of specific mouthing events, expres
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Table 4-2. Confidence in Recommenda
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their children’s mouthing behavio
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to mouth activity was recorded duri
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contacts occurring during the objec
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unlikely to be representative of th
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2 to 3 days old, in a quiet, temper
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waking hours. Parents also recorded
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outdoor mouthing rates. The authors
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Activity Data of Two- to Four-Year-
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Table 4-6. Variability in Objects M
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Behavior Child-Specific Exposure Fa
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Table 4-17. Estimated Mean Daily Mo
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Age Group Birth to
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8.3 KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 8.3.1 U.S
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III (1966-70) for ages 12-17 years,
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8.4.9 Kahn and Stralka, 2008 - Esti
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Table 8-3. Mean and Percentile Body
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Page Child-Specific Exposure Factor
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Table 8-8. Statistics for Probabili
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Figure 8-2. Weight by Age Percentil
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Figure 8-4. Weight by Length Percen
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Figure 8-6. Body Mass Index-for-Age
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Source: Gestational Age (weeks) 25
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of the food consumed after the mois
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Minimal (or Defined) Bias Child-Spe
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9.3 INTAKE STUDIES The primary sour
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9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable
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Weighted data were used in all of t
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Page Child-Specifi c Exposur e Fact
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Vegetables Any Vegetable Baby Food
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4 to 5 months 6 to 11 months 12 to
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All fruits Canned fruit Fresh fruit
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Table 9-23. Mean Moisture Content o
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eported on fish intake for children
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a Table 10-1. Recommended Values fo
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10.3 GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10.
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Minnesota, and North Dakota. While
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elow the value of 8 ounces most com
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into a single pooled data set is so
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as described in Section 10.6.1.2, a
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Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Co
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Table 10-12. Fish Consumption Among
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Table 10-18. Mean Fish Intake Among
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Table 10-23. Consumption Rates for
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Species a Anadromous fish Pelagic f
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Lingcod Mackerel, Atlantic Mackerel
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Page 401 and 402: Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
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National Center for Environmental A
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