csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 8 - Body Weight examined, resulting in a response rate of 73.1 percent. The sample was selected so that certain subgroups thought to be at high risk of malnutrition (persons with lowincomes, preschool children, and the elderly) were over sampled. The estimates were weighted to reflect national population estimates. The weighting was accomplished by inflating examination results for each subject by the reciprocal of selection probabilities, adjusted to account for those who were not examined, and-post stratifying by race, age, and sex. NHANES II collected standard body measurements of sample subjects, including height and weight, that were made at various times of the day and in different seasons of the year. This technique was used because an individual’s weight may vary between winter and summer and may fluctuate with patterns of food and water intake and other daily activities (NCHS, 1987). NCHS (1987) provided descriptive statistics of the body weight data. Means and percentiles, by age category, are presented in Table 8 6 for males, and in Table 8-7 for females. The advantages of the study are that it is nationally representative and provides data for various age groups of children, beginning at 2 months of age. The limitation of the study is the age of the data. 8.4.2 Burmaster and Crouch, 1997 - Lognormal distributions for body weight as a function of age for males and females in the United States, 1976-1980 Burmaster and Crouch (1997) performed data analysis to fit normal and lognormal distributions to the body weights of females and males aged 9 months to 70 years. The data used in this analysis were from the second survey of the National Center for Health Statistics, NHANES II, which was based on a national probability sample of 27,801 persons 6 months to 74 years of age in the U.S. (Burmaster and Crouch 1997). The NHANES II data had been statistically adjusted for non-response and probability of selection, and stratified by age, sex, and race to reflect the entire U.S. population prior to reporting. Burmaster and Crouch (1997) conducted exploratory and quantitative data analyses and fit normal and lognormal distributions to percentiles of body weights of children and teens, as a function of age. Cumulative distribution functions were plotted for female and male body weights on both linear and logarithmic scales. Burmaster and Crouch (1997) used “maximum likelihood” estimation to fit lognormal distributions to the data. Linear and quadratic regression lines were fitted to the data. A number of goodness-of-fit measures were conducted on the data generated. The investigators found that lognormal distributions gave strong fits to the data for each gender across all age groups. The statistics for the lognormal probability plots for female and male children aged 9 months to 20 years are presented in Tables 8-8 and 8-9, respectively. These data can be used for further analyses of body weight distribution (i.e., application of Monte Carlo analysis). The advantage of this study is that NHANES data were used for the analysis and the data are representative nationally. It also provides statistics for probability plot regression analyses for females and males from 6 months to 20 years old. However, the analysis is based on an older set of NHANES data. 8.4.3 U.S. EPA, 2000 - Body weight estimates on NHANES III Data U.S. EPA’s Office of Water has estimated body weights for children by age and gender using data from NHANES III, which was conducted from 1988 to 1994. NHANES III collected body weight data for approximately 15,000 children between the ages of 2 months and 17 years. Table 8-10 presents the body weight estimates in kilograms by age and gender. Table 8-11 shows the body weight estimates for infants under the age of 3 months. The limitations of this analysis are that data were not available for infants under 2 months old, and that the data are roughly 14 to 20 years old. With the upward trends in body weight from NHANES II (1976 1980) to NHANES III, which may still be valid, the data in Tables 8-10 and 8-11 may underestimate current body weights. However, the data are national in scope and represent the general children’s population. 8.4.4 Kuczmarski et al., 2002 - 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: methods and development NCHS published growth charts for infants, birth to 36 months of age, and children and adolescents, 2 to 20 years of age (Kuczmarski et al., 2002). Growth charts were developed with data from five national health examination surveys: National Health Examination Survey (NHES) II (1963-65) for ages 6-11 years, NHES Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Page September 2008 8-5
III (1966-70) for ages 12-17 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I (1971-74) for ages 1-17 years, NHANES II (1976-80) beginning at 6 months of age, and NHANES III (1988 94) beginning at 2 months of age. Data from these national surveys were pooled because no single survey had enough observations to develop these charts. For the infant charts, a limited number of additional data points were obtained from other sources where national data were either not available or insufficient. Birth weights
Page 1 and 2:
National Center for Environmental A
Page 3 and 4:
CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS Child-Speci
Page 5 and 6:
CSEFH 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continue
Page 7 and 8:
CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page 9 and 10:
CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Page 11 and 12:
CSEFH 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continu
Page 13 and 14:
CSEFH LIST OF TABLES Child-Specific
Page 15 and 16:
CSEFH LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Ch
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
CSEFH ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Ch
Page 31 and 32:
CSEFH OPP = Office of Pesticide Pro
Page 33 and 34:
CSEFH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Child-
Page 35 and 36:
CSEFH were discussed in the guideli
Page 37 and 38:
CSEFH Table ES-1. Summary of Recomm
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
CSEFH Youngmoo Kim, U.S. EPA, Regio
Page 47 and 48:
Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
Page 61 and 62:
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
exposure assessor) to distinguish b
Page 75 and 76:
is perhaps the most common method o
Page 77 and 78:
uncertainty is high, a sensitivity
Page 79 and 80:
Peretz, C.; Goldberg, P.; Kahan, E.
Page 81 and 82:
Table 2-3. Approaches to Quantitati
Page 83 and 84:
water ingestion is summarized. Rele
Page 85 and 86:
Page 87 and 88:
3.3 DRINKING WATER INGESTION STUDIE
Page 89 and 90:
that the three-day diary has been s
Page 91 and 92:
million. In addition, whites were u
Page 93 and 94:
an indicator of pool water ingestio
Page 95 and 96:
Table 3-4. Per Capita a Estimates o
Page 97 and 98:
Table 3-8. Per Capitaa Estimates of
Page 99 and 100:
Table 3-11. Per Capita a Estimates
Page 101 and 102:
Table 3-14. Consumers Onlya Estimat
Page 103 and 104:
Table 3-18. Consumers Onlya Estimat
Page 105 and 106:
Table 3-21. Consumers Only a Estima
Page 107 and 108:
Water Ingested (mL/day) a from Wate
Page 109 and 110:
Table 3-26. Plain Tap Water and Tot
Page 111 and 112:
Total fluid Plain water Milk Carbon
Page 113 and 114:
Tap Water Intake in Breastfed and F
Page 115 and 116:
Table 3-32. Mean (± Standard Devia
Page 117 and 118:
Study Group Table 3-34. Pool Water
Page 119 and 120:
of specific mouthing events, expres
Page 121 and 122:
Table 4-2. Confidence in Recommenda
Page 123 and 124:
their children’s mouthing behavio
Page 125 and 126:
to mouth activity was recorded duri
Page 127 and 128:
contacts occurring during the objec
Page 129 and 130:
unlikely to be representative of th
Page 131 and 132:
2 to 3 days old, in a quiet, temper
Page 133 and 134:
waking hours. Parents also recorded
Page 135 and 136:
outdoor mouthing rates. The authors
Page 137 and 138:
Activity Data of Two- to Four-Year-
Page 139 and 140:
Table 4-6. Variability in Objects M
Page 141 and 142:
Behavior Child-Specific Exposure Fa
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
Table 4-17. Estimated Mean Daily Mo
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
Page 171 and 172:
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230: Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
Page 277 and 278: Age Group Birth to
Page 279: 8.3 KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 8.3.1 U.S
Page 283 and 284: 8.4.9 Kahn and Stralka, 2008 - Esti
Page 285 and 286: Table 8-3. Mean and Percentile Body
Page 287 and 288: Page Child-Specific Exposure Factor
Page 289 and 290: Table 8-8. Statistics for Probabili
Page 295 and 296: Figure 8-2. Weight by Age Percentil
Page 297 and 298: Figure 8-4. Weight by Length Percen
Page 299 and 300: Figure 8-6. Body Mass Index-for-Age
Page 307 and 308: Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
Page 309 and 310: Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
Page 313 and 314: Source: Gestational Age (weeks) 25
Page 315 and 316: of the food consumed after the mois
Page 317 and 318: Minimal (or Defined) Bias Child-Spe
Page 319 and 320: 9.3 INTAKE STUDIES The primary sour
Page 321 and 322: 9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable
Page 323 and 324: Weighted data were used in all of t
Page 331 and 332:
Page Child-Specific Exposure Factor
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page Child-Specifi c Exposur e Fact
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Vegetables Any Vegetable Baby Food
Page 347 and 348:
4 to 5 months 6 to 11 months 12 to
Page 349 and 350:
All fruits Canned fruit Fresh fruit
Page 351 and 352:
Table 9-23. Mean Moisture Content o
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
eported on fish intake for children
Page 365 and 366:
a Table 10-1. Recommended Values fo
Page 367 and 368:
10.3 GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10.
Page 369 and 370:
Minnesota, and North Dakota. While
Page 371 and 372:
elow the value of 8 ounces most com
Page 373 and 374:
into a single pooled data set is so
Page 375 and 376:
as described in Section 10.6.1.2, a
Page 377 and 378:
Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Co
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Table 10-12. Fish Consumption Among
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Table 10-18. Mean Fish Intake Among
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Table 10-23. Consumption Rates for
Page 393 and 394:
Species a Anadromous fish Pelagic f
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Lingcod Mackerel, Atlantic Mackerel
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Child-Specific Exposur e Factor s H
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 471 and 472:
Total Grains 95000060 15000250 1500
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
Page 477 and 478:
Page 479 and 480:
Page 481 and 482:
Page 483 and 484:
Page 485 and 486:
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495 and 496:
Page 497 and 498:
Page 499 and 500:
Page 501 and 502:
Page 503 and 504:
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Page 509 and 510:
Page 511 and 512:
Page 513 and 514:
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533 and 534:
Page 535 and 536:
Page 537 and 538:
Page 539 and 540:
Page 541 and 542:
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565 and 566:
Page 567 and 568:
Page 569 and 570:
Page 571 and 572:
Page 573 and 574:
Page 575 and 576:
Page 577 and 578:
Page 579 and 580:
Page 581 and 582:
Page 583 and 584:
Page 585 and 586:
Page 587 and 588:
Page 589 and 590:
Page 591 and 592:
Page 593 and 594:
Page 595 and 596:
Page 597 and 598:
Page 599 and 600:
Page 601 and 602:
Page 603 and 604:
Page 605 and 606:
Page 607 and 608:
Page 609 and 610:
Page 611 and 612:
Page 613 and 614:
Page 615 and 616:
Page 617 and 618:
Page 619 and 620:
Page 621 and 622:
Page 623 and 624:
Page 625 and 626:
Page 627 and 628:
Page 629 and 630:
Page 631 and 632:
Page 633 and 634:
Page 635 and 636:
Page 637 and 638:
Page 639 and 640:
Page 641 and 642:
Page 643 and 644:
Page 645 and 646:
Page 647 and 648:
Page 649 and 650:
Page 651 and 652:
Page 653 and 654:
Page 655 and 656:
Page 657 and 658:
Page 659 and 660:
Page 661 and 662:
Page 663 and 664:
Page 665 and 666:
Page 667 and 668:
Page 669 and 670:
Page 671 and 672:
Page 673 and 674:
Page 675 and 676:
Page 677 and 678:
Page 679:
National Center for Environmental A
show all

csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?