csefh - Kinder-Umwelt-Gesundheit

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Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Nga Tran, Exponent Bernard Weiss, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Robin Wyatt, Columbia University Rosemary Zaleski, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Finally, the following U.S. EPA/NCEA individuals reviewed this document for final clearance: David Bussard Jeffrey Frithsen Nicole Hagan Charles Ris John Vandenberg CSEFH Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Page September 2008 xlv
Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 1 - Introduction 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE The purpose of the Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook is to provide exposure factors for children. The handbook highlights the changes in risk assessment practices that were first presented in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Cancer Guidelines, regarding the need to consider children as lifestages rather than as subpopulations (U.S. EPA, 2005b). It also emphasizes a major recommendation in U.S. EPA’s Supplemental Guidance for Assessing Susceptibility from Early-Life Exposure to Carcinogens (U.S. EPA, 2005c) to sum exposures and risks across lifestages rather than relying on the use of a lifetime average adult exposure to calculate risk. This handbook also uses updated information to incorporate any new exposure factors data/research that have become available since the early 2000's, and is consistent with the U.S. EPA's new set of recommended childhood age groups (U.S. EPA 2005a), including a standardized way to define specific age groups. As with the earlier version of the handbook, this new version summarizes key data on human behaviors and characteristics that affect children’s exposure to environmental contaminants, and provides recommended values to use for these factors. These recommendations are not legally binding on any U.S. EPA program and should be interpreted as suggestions that Program Offices or individual exposure/risk assessors can consider and modify as needed. The decision as to whether to use sitespecific or national values for an assessment may depend on the quality of the competing data sets as well as on the purpose of the specific assessment. The handbook has strived to include discussions of the issues that assessors may consider in assessing exposure among children of different ages, and may be used in conjunction with the U.S. EPA document entitled Socio-demographic Data Used for Identifying Potentially Highly Exposed Populations (U.S. EPA, 1999). 1.2 INTENDED AUDIENCE The Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook may be used by exposure and risk assessors, economists, and other interested parties as CSEFH a source for data and/or U.S. EPA recommendations on numeric estimates for behavioral and physiological characteristics needed to estimate childhood exposure to toxic contaminants. 1.3 BACKGROUND Because of physiological and behavioral differences, exposures among children are expected to be different from exposures among adults. Children may be more exposed to some environmental contaminants, because they consume more of certain foods and water per unit of body weight and have a higher ratio of body surface area to volume than adults. Equally important, rapid changes in behavior and physiology may lead to differences in exposure as a child grows up. Recognizing that exposures among infants, toddlers, adolescents, and teenagers can vary significantly, the U.S. EPA published its “Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants (U.S. EPA. 2005a).” This update and revision of the 2002 interim final Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (U.S. EPA, 2002a) is designed specifically to complement U.S. EPA’s recommended set of childhood age groups: ? Less than 12 months old: birth to
Page 1 and 2: National Center for Environmental A
Page 3 and 4: CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS Child-Speci
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Page 13 and 14: CSEFH LIST OF TABLES Child-Specific
Page 15 and 16: CSEFH LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Ch
Page 29 and 30: CSEFH ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Ch
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Page 33 and 34: CSEFH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Child-
Page 35 and 36: CSEFH were discussed in the guideli
Page 37 and 38: CSEFH Table ES-1. Summary of Recomm
Page 45: CSEFH Youngmoo Kim, U.S. EPA, Regio
Page 49 and 50: Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
Page 73 and 74: exposure assessor) to distinguish b
Page 75 and 76: is perhaps the most common method o
Page 77 and 78: uncertainty is high, a sensitivity
Page 79 and 80: Peretz, C.; Goldberg, P.; Kahan, E.
Page 81 and 82: Table 2-3. Approaches to Quantitati
Page 83 and 84: water ingestion is summarized. Rele
Page 87 and 88: 3.3 DRINKING WATER INGESTION STUDIE
Page 89 and 90: that the three-day diary has been s
Page 91 and 92: million. In addition, whites were u
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Page 95 and 96: Table 3-4. Per Capita a Estimates o
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Table 3-8. Per Capitaa Estimates of
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Table 3-11. Per Capita a Estimates
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Table 3-14. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-18. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-21. Consumers Only a Estima
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Water Ingested (mL/day) a from Wate
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Table 3-26. Plain Tap Water and Tot
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Total fluid Plain water Milk Carbon
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Tap Water Intake in Breastfed and F
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Table 3-32. Mean (± Standard Devia
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Study Group Table 3-34. Pool Water
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of specific mouthing events, expres
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Table 4-2. Confidence in Recommenda
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their children’s mouthing behavio
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to mouth activity was recorded duri
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contacts occurring during the objec
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unlikely to be representative of th
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2 to 3 days old, in a quiet, temper
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waking hours. Parents also recorded
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outdoor mouthing rates. The authors
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Activity Data of Two- to Four-Year-
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Table 4-6. Variability in Objects M
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Behavior Child-Specific Exposure Fa
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Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
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Table 4-17. Estimated Mean Daily Mo
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Age Group Birth to
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8.3 KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 8.3.1 U.S
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III (1966-70) for ages 12-17 years,
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8.4.9 Kahn and Stralka, 2008 - Esti
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Table 8-3. Mean and Percentile Body
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Page Child-Specific Exposure Factor
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Table 8-8. Statistics for Probabili
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Figure 8-2. Weight by Age Percentil
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Figure 8-4. Weight by Length Percen
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Figure 8-6. Body Mass Index-for-Age
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Source: Gestational Age (weeks) 25
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of the food consumed after the mois
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Minimal (or Defined) Bias Child-Spe
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9.3 INTAKE STUDIES The primary sour
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9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable
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Weighted data were used in all of t
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Page Child-Specifi c Exposur e Fact
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Vegetables Any Vegetable Baby Food
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4 to 5 months 6 to 11 months 12 to
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All fruits Canned fruit Fresh fruit
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Table 9-23. Mean Moisture Content o
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eported on fish intake for children
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a Table 10-1. Recommended Values fo
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10.3 GENERAL POPULATION STUDIES 10.
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Minnesota, and North Dakota. While
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elow the value of 8 ounces most com
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into a single pooled data set is so
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as described in Section 10.6.1.2, a
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Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Co
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Table 10-12. Fish Consumption Among
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Table 10-18. Mean Fish Intake Among
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Table 10-23. Consumption Rates for
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Species a Anadromous fish Pelagic f
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Lingcod Mackerel, Atlantic Mackerel
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Child-Specific Exposur e Factor s H
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Total Grains 95000060 15000250 1500
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National Center for Environmental A
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