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everages grouped by age and gender for the U.S. population, based on this calculation. 11.5 CONVERSION BETWEEN WET AND DRY WEIGHT INTAKE RATES The intake rates presented in this chapter are reported in units of wet weight (i.e., as-consumed or uncooked weight of meats and dairy products consumed per day or per eating occasion). However, data on the concentration of contaminants in meats and dairy products may be reported in units of either wet or dry weight.(e.g., mg contaminant per gram-dry-weight of meats and dairy products.) It is essential that exposure assessors be aware of this difference so that they may ensure consistency between the units used for intake rates and those used for concentration data (i.e., if the contaminant concentration is measured in dry weight of Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 11 - Intake of Meats, Dairy Products and Fats 11.6 CONVERSION BETWEEN WET WEIGHT AND LIPID WEIGHT INTAKE RATES In some cases, the residue levels of contaminants in meat and dairy products may be reported as the concentration of contaminant per gram of fat. This may be particularly true for lipophilic compounds. When using these residue levels, the assessor should ensure consistency in the exposure assessment calculations by using consumption rates that are based on the amount of lipids consumed for the meat or dairy product of interest. If necessary, wet weight (e.g., as-consumed) intake rates may be converted to lipid weight intake rates using the fat content percentages presented in Table 11-28 and the following equation: meats and dairy products, then the dry weight units ⎡ L ⎤ IR lw = IR ww ⎢⎣100 ⎥ should be used for their intake values). If necessary, wet weight (e.g., as consumed) ⎦ (Eqn. 11-3) intake rates may be converted to dry weight intake rates where: using the moisture content percentages presented in Table 11-28 and the following equation: IRlw = Irww = L = lipid weight intake rate; wet weight intake rate; and percent lipid (fat) content. IR dw = ⎡100 − W ⎤ IR ww ⎢ ⎣ 100 ⎥ ⎦ (Eqn. 11-1) Alternately, wet weight residue levels in meat and dairy products may be estimated by multiplying the levels based on fat by the fraction of fat per product as where: follows: IRdw = IRww = W = dry weight intake rate; wet weight intake rate; and percent water content C ww = ⎡ L ⎤ C lw ⎢ ⎣100 ⎥ ⎦ (Eqn. 11-4) Alternatively, dry weight residue levels in meat and where: diary products may be converted to wet weight residue levels for use with wet weight (e.g., as-consumed) intake rates as follows: C ww = Clw = L = wet weight intake rate; lipid weight intake rate; and percent lipid (fat) content. C ww = ⎡100 − W ⎤ C dw ⎢ ⎣ 100 ⎥ ⎦ (Eqn. 11-2) The resulting residue levels may then be used in conjunction with wet weight (e.g., as-consumed) consumption rates. The total fat content data presented in Table 11-28 are for selected meat and dairy products where: taken from USDA, 2007. Cww = wet weight intake rate; Cdw = dry weight intake rate; and W = percent water content. The moisture content data presented in Table 11-28 are for selected meats and dairy products taken from USDA (2007). Page Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook 11-12 September 2008
Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 11 - Intake of Meats, Dairy Products and Fats 11.7 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 11 CDC. (1994) Dietary fat and total food-energy intake: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. Center for Disease Control. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 25, 1994: 43(7)118 125. Cresanta, J.L.; Farris, R.P.; Croft, J.B.; Frank, G.C.; Berenson, G.S. (1988) Trends in fatty acid intakes of 10-year-old children, 1973-1982. J Am Diet Assoc 88: 178-184. Devaney, B.; Kalb, L.; Briefel, R.; Zavitsky-Novak, T.; Clusen, N.; Ziegler, P. (2004) Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: overview of the study design. J Am Diet Assoc 104(Suppl 1): S8 S13. Fox, M.K.; Pac, S.; Devaney, B.; Jankowski, L. (2004) Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: what foods are infants and toddlers eating. J Am Diet Assoc 104 (Suppl): S22-S30. Fox, M.K.; Reidy, K.; Karwe, V.; Ziegler, P. (2006) Average portions of foods commonly eaten by infants and toddlers in the United States. J Am Diet Assoc. 106 (Suppl 1): S66-S76. Frank, G.C.; Webber, L.S.; Farris, R.P.; Berenson, G.S. (1986) Dietary databook: quantifying dietary intakes of infants, children, and adolescents, the Bogalusa heart study, 1973-1983. National Research and Demonstration Center Arteriosclerosis, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, Louisiana. Goldman, L. (1995) Children - unique and vulnerable. Environmental risks facing children and recommendations for response. Environ Health Perspect 103(6):13-17. Mennella, J.; Ziegler, P.; Briefel, R.; Novak, T. (2006) Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study: the types of foods fed to Hispanic infants and toddlers. J Am Diet Assoc 106 (Suppl 1): S96-S106. Nicklas, T.A. (1995) Dietary studies of children: The Bogalusa Heart Study experience. J Am Diet Assoc 95:1127-1133. Nicklas, T.A.; Webber, L.S.; Srinivasan, S.R.; Berenson, G.S. (1993) Secular trends in dietary intakes and cardiovascular risk factors in 10-y-old children: the Bogalusa heart study (1973-1988). Am J Clin Nutr 57:930-937. Ponza, M.; Devaney, B.; Ziegler, P.; Reidy, K.; Squatrito, C. (2004) Nutrient intakes and food choices of infants and toddlers participating in WIC. J Am Diet Assoc 104 (Suppl): S71-S79. Smiciklas-Wright, H.; Mitchell, D.C.; Mickle, S.J.; Cook, A.J.; Goldman, J.D. (2002) Foods commonly eaten in the United States: quantities consumed per eating occasion and in a day, 1994-1996. U.S. Department of Agriculture NFS Report No. 96-5, pre-publication version, 252 pp. USDA. (1999a) Food and nutrient intakes by children 1994-96, 1998: Table Set 17. Beltsville, MD: Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA. (1999b) USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 13. Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp USDA. (2000) 1994–96, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). CD ROM. Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA; PB-2000-500027. USDA. (2007) USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 20. Agricultural Research Service, Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl U.S. EPA. (2000) Food commodity intake database [FCID raw data file]. Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA; PB2000-5000101. U.S. EPA. (2005) Guidance on Selecting Age Groups for Monitoring and Assessing Childhood Exposures to Environmental Contaminants. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., EPA/630/P-03/003F. U.S. EPA. (2007) Analysis of fat intake based on the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 1994–96, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC; EPA/600/R-05/021F. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, and online at http://www.epa.gov/ncea. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook Page September 2008 11-13
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National Center for Environmental A
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS Child-Speci
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CSEFH 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continue
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
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CSEFH 16 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continu
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES Child-Specific
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CSEFH LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Ch
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CSEFH ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Ch
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CSEFH OPP = Office of Pesticide Pro
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CSEFH EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Child-
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CSEFH were discussed in the guideli
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CSEFH Table ES-1. Summary of Recomm
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CSEFH Youngmoo Kim, U.S. EPA, Regio
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Child-Specific Exposure Factors Han
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exposure assessor) to distinguish b
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is perhaps the most common method o
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uncertainty is high, a sensitivity
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Peretz, C.; Goldberg, P.; Kahan, E.
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Table 2-3. Approaches to Quantitati
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water ingestion is summarized. Rele
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3.3 DRINKING WATER INGESTION STUDIE
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that the three-day diary has been s
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million. In addition, whites were u
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an indicator of pool water ingestio
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Table 3-4. Per Capita a Estimates o
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Table 3-8. Per Capitaa Estimates of
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Table 3-11. Per Capita a Estimates
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Table 3-14. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-18. Consumers Onlya Estimat
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Table 3-21. Consumers Only a Estima
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Water Ingested (mL/day) a from Wate
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Table 3-26. Plain Tap Water and Tot
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Total fluid Plain water Milk Carbon
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Tap Water Intake in Breastfed and F
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Table 3-32. Mean (± Standard Devia
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Study Group Table 3-34. Pool Water
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of specific mouthing events, expres
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Table 4-2. Confidence in Recommenda
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their children’s mouthing behavio
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to mouth activity was recorded duri
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contacts occurring during the objec
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unlikely to be representative of th
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2 to 3 days old, in a quiet, temper
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waking hours. Parents also recorded
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outdoor mouthing rates. The authors
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Activity Data of Two- to Four-Year-
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Table 4-6. Variability in Objects M
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Behavior Child-Specific Exposure Fa
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Table 4-17. Estimated Mean Daily Mo
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Age Group Birth to
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8.3 KEY BODY WEIGHT STUDY 8.3.1 U.S
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III (1966-70) for ages 12-17 years,
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8.4.9 Kahn and Stralka, 2008 - Esti
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Table 8-3. Mean and Percentile Body
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Page Child-Specific Exposure Factor
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Table 8-8. Statistics for Probabili
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Figure 8-2. Weight by Age Percentil
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Figure 8-4. Weight by Length Percen
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Figure 8-6. Body Mass Index-for-Age
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Age Group a Child-Specific Exposure
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Source: Gestational Age (weeks) 25
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of the food consumed after the mois
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Minimal (or Defined) Bias Child-Spe
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9.3 INTAKE STUDIES The primary sour
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9.3.2 Relevant Fruit and Vegetable
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Weighted data were used in all of t
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Page Child-Specifi c Exposur e Fact
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Vegetables Any Vegetable Baby Food
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4 to 5 months 6 to 11 months 12 to
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All fruits Canned fruit Fresh fruit
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Table 9-23. Mean Moisture Content o
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Total Grains 95000060 15000250 1500
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National Center for Environmental A
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