Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa

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94 Working and ageing Guidance and counselling for mature learners Table 5.1. Summary of studies examining age-related memory decline in healthy adults Study Cabeza et al., 2004 Blacker et al., 2007 Rosen et al., 2002 Cabeza et al., 1997 Grady et al., 2008 Park et al., 2002 Zelinski and Burnight, 1997 Hedden et al., 2005 Salthouse, 2003 Schroeder and Salt - house, 2004 Groups Younger/older adults Older adults > 57 years Older adults > 60 years Younger/older adults Younger/older adults Adults >20 years old A 16-year longitudinal study of two groups: 30-36 and 55-81 Two groups: 20-54 and 55-92 1 250 participants from 20 to 90 years 5 391 participants from 30 to 50 years Task Working memory Episodic memory Declarative memory Encoding and retrieval Working memory Working memory/ long-term memory Short-term memory/long-term memory Working memory Short-term/longterm memory for words and faces Short-term/longterm memory Results No differences in performance between the two groups. Episodic memory was a reliable predictor of cognitive impairment in healthy adults. There is profound variation in the severity of the decline. No differences in performance between the two groups. Differences in the brain areas activated during the tasks. There were no reliable age differences in this pattern of activity. Regular decline across the life span. No specific differences in performance between older and younger adults. Differences in recall but not in recognition between the two groups. Older adults may use agerelated increases in knowledge to partially compensate for processing declines when environmental support is available. There is a downward shift in memory across the life span that starts before the age of 50. Small differences in memory in these age groups.
CHAPTER 5 Cognitive ageing in older workers and its impact on lifelong learning 95 hold as well as on the way information is stored and organised. A basic distinction is that between short-term and long-term memory. Short-term memory involves immediate recall of items, has a capacity of 7±2 items and is commonly used when attempting to memorise a short list of items. While long-term memory involves permanent storage of information in an organised ʻmental lexiconʼ, it is unlimited in capacity and often described as a library of knowledge encoded and stored in a relevant and meaningful individual manner, to be recalled later. Working memory is a theoretical concept first described by (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) that involves ability actively to hold relevant information to perform a complex task such as problem-solving and reasoning. The working memory system (Baddeley, 1999) includes a central executive that organises sensory input with assistance of attentional mechanisms, a visuo-spatial sketchpad (for non-verbal information) and a phonological loop (for verbal information). Long-term memory is further separated into episodic, semantic and procedural memories, which involve events, meanings and procedures respectively. Although long-term memory is unlimited most times healthy individuals fail to retrieve information accurately. Mnemonic strategies may reduce forgetting but memory failures are the rule rather than the exception in everyday situations. The reasons for forgetting have been extensively investigated due to the importance of memory in personal and professional environments. Most people in middle adulthood complain that they can not recall substantial information on processes, procedures and events and are forced to use reminders to improve their memories. The most important reasons for forgetting are: (a) encoding specificity (Thomson and Tulving, 1970); (b) decay (Woodworth, 1938); (c) lack of access because of emotional load or repressure (Baddeley, 1999); (d) interference (Barnes and Underwood, 1959); (e) amnesia (Baddeley, 1970). Given the importance of memory in daily activities, several authors have discussed memory deficits resulting from normal ageing (Gregoire and Van der Linden, 1997). The studies yielded contradictory results. Table 5.1 provides an overview of the main findings of more recent studies on memory and ageing in non-pathological individuals. From Table 5.1 it is clear there are substantial differences in results depending on age groups and the task used. In relation to short-term memory which involves immediate recall of short lists of digits there is small decline that accelerates after the age of 70. On the other hand, well-practiced tasks
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EN Working and ageing Guidance and
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A great deal of additional informat
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Foreword Population ageing is one o
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Acknowledgements This publication r
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8. Policy, research and practice: s
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14.2. Participation rates of indivi
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CHAPTER 1 Setting the scene: promot
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To improve quality and transparency
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Gomes present the set-up and outcom
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CHAPTER 2 Do European employers sup
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CHAPTER 8 Policy, research and prac
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will need to be supported by struct
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ʻflexicurityʼ model is challenged
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different forms of retirement (2010
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8.8. Policy considerations CHAPTER
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9.1. Introduction CHAPTER 9 Changin
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CHAPTER 9 Changing patterns of guid
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their continuing learning and devel
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Table 9.4. Use of past work experie
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CHAPTER 10 Career development in la
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life, much will change. Cate and Jo
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CHAPTER 11 Maintaining senior emplo
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CHAPTER 13 A Swedish programme for
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CHAPTER 14 Realising the potential
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CONCLUSIONS Ageing Europe at work -
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EN Working and ageing Guidance and
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Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa

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