Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa
Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa
Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa
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5.3. Fluid <strong>and</strong> crystallised intelligence<br />
There is great variation on which cognitive functions decline earlier during the<br />
life span. Most researchers agree that crystallised <strong>and</strong> fluid intelligence are<br />
affected differently in normal <strong>ageing</strong>. Horn <strong>and</strong> Cattell (1966) explained that<br />
crystallised intelligence involves general acquired knowledge <strong>and</strong> vocabulary<br />
<strong>and</strong> is related to linguistic ability <strong>and</strong> expression. Fluid intelligence refers to<br />
ability to think logically <strong>and</strong> to solve novel problems, to reason <strong>and</strong> to draw<br />
conclusions. It is particularly relevant in scientific, mathematical, technical<br />
abstract thinking. Age-related differences in fluid intelligence have been<br />
identified using brain-scanning techniques (Bugg et al., 2006) that document<br />
a strong relation with a decline in speed of processing. On the other h<strong>and</strong>,<br />
crystallised intelligence remains relatively unaffected across the life span with<br />
a peak in middle adulthood (40-55 years) (Horn <strong>and</strong> Cattell, 1967). However,<br />
recent studies challenge the notion of early cognitive <strong>ageing</strong> suggesting that<br />
changes in cognition do not become evident before the age of 65 years<br />
(Nilsson et al., 2009).<br />
Following the distinction between fluid <strong>and</strong> crystallised intelligence, it has<br />
been found that verbal ability, general knowledge <strong>and</strong> certain numerical skills<br />
are least affected by <strong>ageing</strong>. Other functions such as memory <strong>and</strong> speed of<br />
processing start deteriorating as early as middle adulthood <strong>and</strong> may cause<br />
downstream effects to other cognitive abilities. For example, slow speed of<br />
processing is associated with weak language abilities <strong>and</strong> poor memory in<br />
older adults. These cognitive functions seem to be more involved in everyday<br />
activities <strong>and</strong> significantly affect job-related performance. Therefore, it is<br />
important to explore the link between cognitive <strong>ageing</strong> in middle-aged <strong>and</strong><br />
older adults <strong>and</strong> job-related performance in a multidisciplinary way.<br />
5.4. Memory <strong>and</strong> <strong>ageing</strong><br />
CHAPTER 5<br />
Cognitive <strong>ageing</strong> in older workers <strong>and</strong> its impact on lifelong learning 93<br />
One of the most significant functions of the cognitive system is the ability to<br />
encode, maintain/store <strong>and</strong> retrieve information. Memory is expressed in<br />
different modalities depending on the involved sensory system through which<br />
it is acquired. Visual <strong>and</strong> auditory inputs are among the most important in<br />
survival <strong>and</strong> evolution <strong>and</strong> have been studied extensively in relation to<br />
cognitive <strong>ageing</strong>. Memory involves external stimuli, oneself, space <strong>and</strong> time,<br />
rituals <strong>and</strong> routines, goals <strong>and</strong> aims as well future plans. There are different<br />
memory systems depending on the amount <strong>and</strong> type of information they can