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188 Working and ageing Guidance and counselling for mature learners health. But people in the last decade or two of what might be recognised as ʻworking lifeʼ (which may take many forms) have different concerns from those embarking on a career. This chapter seeks to examine some of these differences, to propose some of the priorities for a much-needed research agenda, and to suggest inputs to professional training that would help careers advisers in their task. 10.2. Research interest In 2007, evaluation of the UKʼs new telephone guidance service found differences in response to the service among older adults compared with younger people (Page et al., 2007); a finding which reinforced an earlier study by Tyers and Sinclair (2005). The differences related particularly to ʻsoft outcomesʼ (attitudinal change, opportunity awareness, insight, sense of direction, and capacity building) and led to the recommendation that ʻresearch into older peopleʼs expectations of guidance, and the types of issue that they would like help with would be beneficialʼ (Page et al., 2007, p 81). This recommendation was addressed through funding of two linked research projects conducted by the National Institute for Career Education and Counselling (NICEC) in 2007-08. One project examined the extent to which distance methods of accessing career support (telephone and Internet) were viewed differently by older adults. The other explored career management skills reported and needed by older people (Barham and Hawthorn, 2009; 2010). The latter used a narrative interview technique, inviting people to tell the story of their current learning and work situation, the events and circumstances of the previous 10 years that brought them to that situation, and their hopes and plans for the coming few years. Throughout the interviews, the research team used a prompt question inviting reflection on how that is different from being younger (Barham, 2008). The report of the study fulfilled its intended purpose of making recommendations about approaches to career guidance with older adults. However, experience of the research raised several topics for researchers which this chapter seeks to develop through recourse to wider literature. These unresolved topics collect into three broad themes reflected in many personal stories. One relates to a concern with time, another to an expectation of some regard for experience accumulated through both work and life in general, and the third to the desire to ʻgive something backʼ to society. Cutting across all three themes is evidence of considerable diversity in experiences,
CHAPTER 10 Career development in later working life: implications for career guidance with older workers 189 circumstances, needs and demands of older people. This reflects the ʻchoosersʼ, ʻjugglersʼ and ʻsurvivorsʼ identified by Flynn and McNair (2004), and the dimensions of emotional and financial wellbeing portrayed in an orthogonal relationship in the New Zealand Department of Labourʼs (2006) study of motivators and inhibitors to working. 10.2.1. Time Time is a complex concept. That single word encompasses meanings that stretch from the aeons of universal time, to human life-spans, to the time pressures of each day. There is shared human realisation across cultures that life is short and time is precious, but the meaning attributed to this realisation is both individually and culturally shaped. Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) demonstrate that, at individual level, people have their own personal time perception towards past, present or future, and that such perception may have a positive or negative aspect. For example, a person with a ʻpastʼ orientation, a tendency to draw on the past more than look to the future, may tend towards a ʻpast-positiveʼ (nostalgic) or ʻpast-negativeʼ (bitterness) view. Similarly, those with a ʻpresentʼ orientation may bring a hedonistic (positive) or a fatalistic (negative) approach to their present experience. Western individualistic worldviews create an emphasis on linear lifespace from infancy to old age. Progression along this line is perceived through a dualism of cognition and affect, with strong negative connotations of old age in some cultures. Non-western cultures may ʻcreate an impression about time experimentally rather than purely cognitivelyʼ (Abi-Hashem, 2000, p. 342). Connections between life cycles and generations lead to a perception that is more global and cyclical, leading Abi-Hashem to argue that non-western people ʻseem to be more relaxed in timeʼ (2000, p. 343) rather than constrained by it. By contrast, Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) found that people of Asian background were disproportionately represented in the ʻpresentfatalisticʼ category, with a helpless and hopeless feeling that life is controlled by forces greater than the individual can influence. These contrasting views emphasise the need for careers advisers to be attuned to individual existential endeavours, understanding these to be shaped both culturally (Western, Eastern, etc.) and situationally (including those of eastern ethnic origin now located in western society, as in Zimbardo and Boydʼs (1999) study. Despite these differing viewpoints, both Abi-Hashem (2000) and Zimbardo and Boyd (1999) share the view that future time perspective alters with age. For Abi-Hashem: ʻas physical health and career decline, people normally become more reflective and more existential in nature. They long to make a
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EN Working and ageing Guidance and
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A great deal of additional informat
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Foreword Population ageing is one o
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Acknowledgements This publication r
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8. Policy, research and practice: s
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14.2. Participation rates of indivi
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CHAPTER 1 Setting the scene: promot
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To improve quality and transparency
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Gomes present the set-up and outcom
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CHAPTER 2 Do European employers sup
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CHAPTER 5 Cognitive ageing in older
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PART 2 Meeting the challenges - Eme
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unmet demand is limited, as is the
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people in the second phase (25-50)
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CHAPTER 7 Learning, work and later
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are now better than ever before, es
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CHAPTER 7 Learning, work and later
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CHAPTER 13 A Swedish programme for
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CHAPTER 14 Realising the potential
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CONCLUSIONS Ageing Europe at work -
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EN Working and ageing Guidance and
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Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa

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