Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa
Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa
Working and ageing - Cedefop - Europa
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CHAPTER 10<br />
Career development in later working life: implications for career guidance with older workers 195<br />
stagnation, which also appears as a distinct <strong>and</strong> real threat to the respondents<br />
in our study. Molly, quoted above, prefers unpaid work to stagnation in the<br />
kind of ʻMacJobʼ that she fears the State benefits system may force her to<br />
take.<br />
How should careers advisers think about generativity in their work with<br />
clients? Clark <strong>and</strong> Arnold argue that generativity is not a single, global<br />
construct; rather ʻit takes many forms, all evincing care, whether for people,<br />
things or ideasʼ (2010, p. 31). The proposition that all jobs require workers to<br />
function, in varying degrees, in relation to data, people <strong>and</strong> things has<br />
underpinned various classifications of work roles, for example the Dictionary<br />
of occupational titles of the US Department of Labor. Clark <strong>and</strong> Arnoldʼs study<br />
of older men leads them to the proposition that generativity goals reflect work<br />
interests: engineersʼ goals tending towards productivity <strong>and</strong> the goals of<br />
human resource practitioners inclining towards nurturance: ʻoccupation was<br />
relevant to the character of individualsʼ generativityʼ (Clark <strong>and</strong> Arnold, 2010,<br />
p. 34). The ʻgiving backʼ might be in the form of passing on skills <strong>and</strong> modeling<br />
high st<strong>and</strong>ards, as well as discrete activities such as mentoring, which in fact<br />
did not feature as a goal for any of Clark <strong>and</strong> Arnoldʼs sample.<br />
This mix of aspects is vividly captured in the case of Colin, who until shortly<br />
before the research interview was a team leader in a manufacturing<br />
workplace. He described his concern to manage the paperwork essential to<br />
his job in such a way that he could spend some part of each day on the<br />
manufacturing floor, where he <strong>and</strong> others engaged in an enjoyable competitive<br />
game – but ʻwithout winnersʼ, he emphasised. The game is simply to produce<br />
the best quality <strong>and</strong> greatest number of ʻweldsʼ (the firm made metal cases<br />
for electronic components) <strong>and</strong> Colin combines pride in his skill as he<br />
comments ʻI wouldnʼt allow myself to be beatenʼ with an explanation that the<br />
workplace was ʻjust like a familyʼ.<br />
Clark <strong>and</strong> Arnold propose that generativity may have ʻnarcissistic or agentic<br />
motivations as well as communal or altruistic onesʼ (2010, p. 33). That<br />
proposition reflects a comment made by an adviser who worked with some of<br />
the older people who were our respondents. (The study included discussions<br />
with a small number of such advisers.) This adviser particularly commented<br />
that career change in later working life gave the chance to follow personal<br />
interests, often of a more creative nature than previous work roles. The adviser<br />
based much of her initial discussion with older people around outside-of-work<br />
interests <strong>and</strong> hobbies that might be developed into some form of employment<br />
or self-employment. This could include creative use of ʻtalents <strong>and</strong> interests<br />
that may until now have remained dormantʼ (DfES, 2003).