Invasive breast carcinoma - IARC

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WHO histological classification of tumours of the vulva Epithelial tumours Squamous and related tumours and precursors Squamous cell carcinoma, not otherwise specified 8070/3 Keratinizing 8071/3 Non-keratinizing 8072/3 Basaloid 8083/3 Warty 8051/3 Verrucous 8051/3 Keratoacanthoma-like Variant with tumour giant cells Others Basal cell carcinoma 8090/3 Squamous intraepithelial neoplasia Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) 3 / 8077/2 squamous cell carcinoma in situ 8070/2 Benign squamous lesions Condyloma acuminatum Vestibular papilloma (micropapillomatosis) 8052/0 Fibroepithelial polyp Seborrheic and inverted follicular keratosis Keratoacanthoma Glandular tumours Paget disease 8542/3 Bartholin gland tumours Adenocarcinoma 8140/3 Squamous cell carcinoma 8070/3 Adenoid cystic carcinoma 8200/3 Adenosquamous carcinoma 8560/3 Transitional cell carcinoma 8120/3 Small cell carcinoma 8041/3 Adenoma 8140/0 Adenomyoma 8932/0 Others Tumours arising from specialized anogenital mammary-like glands Adenocarcinoma of mammary gland type 8500/3 Papillary hidradenoma 8405/0 Others Adenocarcinoma of Skene gland origin 8140/3 Adenocarcinomas of other types 8140/3 Adenoma of minor vestibular glands 8140/0 Mixed tumour of the vulva 8940/0 Tumours of skin appendage origin Malignant sweat gland tumours 8400/3 Sebaceous carcinoma 8410/3 Syringoma 8407/0 Nodular hidradenoma 8402/0 Trichoepithelioma 8100/0 Trichilemmoma 8102/0 Others Soft tissue tumours Sarcoma botryoides 8910/3 Leiomyosarcoma 8890/3 Proximal epithelioid sarcoma 8804/3 Alveolar soft part sarcoma 9581/3 Liposarcoma 8850/3 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 8832/3 Deep angiomyxoma 8841/1 Superficial angiomyxoma 8841/0 Angiomyofibroblastoma 8826/0 Cellular angiofibroma 9160/0 Leiomyoma 8890/0 Granular cell tumour 9580/0 Others Melanocytic tumours Malignant melanoma 8720/3 Congenital melanocytic naevus 8761/0 Acquired melanocytic naevus 8720/0 Blue naevus 8780/0 Atypical melanocytic naevus of the genital type 8720/0 Dysplastic melanocytic naevus 8727/0 Miscellaneous tumours Yolk sac tumour 9071/3 Merkel cell tumour 8247/3 Peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumour / 9364/3 Ewing tumour 9260/3 Haematopoetic and lymphoid tumours Malignant lymphoma (specify type) Leukaemia (specify type) Secondary tumours _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 Morphology code of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology (ICD-O) {921} and the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (http://snomed.org). Behaviour is coded /0 for benign tumours, /2 for in situ carcinomas and grade 3 intraepithelial neoplasia, /3 for malignant tumours, and /1 for borderline or uncertain behaviour. 2 Intraepithelial neoplasia does not have a generic code in ICD-O. ICD-O codes are only available for lesions categorized as squamous intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (e.g. intraepithelial neoplasia/VIN grade 3) = 8077/2; squamous cell carcinoma in situ 8070/2. 314 Tumours of the vulva
TNM classification of carcinomas of the vulva TNM Classification 1,2 T – Primary Tumour TX T0 Tis T1 T1a T1b T2 T3 T4 Primary tumour cannot be assessed No evidence of primary tumour Carcinoma in situ (preinvasive carcinoma) Tumour confined to vulva or vulva and perineum, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension Tumour confined to vulva or vulva and perineum, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension and with stromal invasion no greater than 1 mm Tumour confined to vulva or vulva and perineum, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension and with stromal invasion greater than 1 mm Tumour confined to vulva or vulva and perineum, more than 2 cm in greatest dimension Tumour invades any of the following: lower urethra, vagina, anus Tumour invades any of the following: bladder mucosa, rectal mucosa, upper urethra; or is fixed to pubic bone Note: The depth of invasion is defined as the measurement of the tumour from the epithelial-stromal junction of the adjacent most superficial dermal papilla to the deepest point of invasion. N – Regional Lymph Node s 3 NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed N0 No regional lymph node metastasis N1 Unilateral regional lymph node metastasis N2 Bilateral regional lymph node metastasis M – Distant Metastasis MX Distant metastasis cannot be assessed M0 No distant metastasis M1 Distant metastasis (including pelvic lymph node metastasis) Stage Grouping (TNM and FIGO) Stage 0 Tis N0 M0 Stage I T1 N0 M0 Stage IA T1a N0 M0 Stage IB T1b N0 M0 Stage II T2 N0 M0 Stage III T1, T2 N1 M0 T3 N0, N1 M0 Stage IVA T1, T2, T3 N2 M0 T4 Any N M0 Stage IVB Any T Any N M1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 {51,2976}. 2 A help desk for specific questions about the TNM classification is available at http://tnm.uicc.org. 3 The regional lymph nodes are the femoral and inguinal nodes. 315
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Previous volumes in this series Kle
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World Health Organization Classific
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Published by IARC Press, Internatio
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CHAPTER 1 Tumours of the Breast Can
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TNM classification of carcinomas of
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Invasive breast carcinoma I.O. Elli
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Rapid growth and greater adult heig
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tives, administrative and clerical
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Grade 1 - well differentiated: 3-5
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ent and this is occasionally extens
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Most melanotic tumours of the breas
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A Fig. 1.22 A Classic invasive lobu
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yet others at 90% {97,2147}. For pr
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Fig. 1.27 Medullary carcinoma. The
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myoepithelial cells in fibro a d e
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A Fig. 1.33 Neuroendocrine carcinom
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Macroscopy Fisher et al. reported t
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Fig. 1.39 Apocrine carcinoma. Note
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cells contain intracytoplasmic lume
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A Fig. 1.50 Carcinosarcoma. A Two a
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A B C Fig. 1.75 Lobular neoplasia.
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Intraductal proliferative lesions F
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A B absence of either microcalcific
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Fig. 1.83 Atypical ductal hyperplas
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A B Fig. 1.88 Large excision biopsy
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unusual variants as well. Using thi
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esemble those identified in invasiv
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A B Fig. 1.97 Microinvasive carcino
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A Papilloma may be subject to morph
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A B C Fig. 1.103 Papillary intraduc
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colour measuring from 0.5 to 12 cm.
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Immunoprofile The cases studied by
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Glycogen-rich, clear cell carcinoma
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Differential diagnosis There may be
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quality metaphase spreads from an i
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Fig. 1.67 Lobular carcinoma of brea
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detectable distant metastasis displ
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detected at a late stage as small t
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Extent of ductal carcinoma in situ
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Benign epithelial proliferations G.
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Fig. 1.112 Microglandular adenosis.
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A Apocrine adenoma ICD-O code 8401/
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A B Fig. 1.128 Adenomyoepithelioma,
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Mesenchymal tumours M. Drijkoningen
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1113,1275}. There is a complex patt
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A B Fig. 1.137 A Lipoma. Intraparen
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Fig. 1.141 Angiosarcoma after breas
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A Fig. 1.144 Mammary osteosarcoma.
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Fibroepithelial tumours J.P. Belloc
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aged women (average age of presenta
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lished data suggests a 21% rate of
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A Fig. 1.157 Syringomatous adenoma
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Malignant lymphoma and metastatic t
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used. Inflammatory conditions in th
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male population both in the USA and
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CHAPTER 2 Tumours of the Ovary and
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Polyembryoma 9072/3 Non-gestational
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Surface epithelial-stromal tumours
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A Fig. 2.04 A Serous borderline tum
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A Fig. 2.06 Serous borderline tumou
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A Fig. 2.10 Invasive peritoneal imp
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Fig. 2.15 Mucinous carcinoma with i
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Fig. 2.20 Mucinous endocervical-lik
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A Fig. 2.28 Mucinous cystic tumour
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early secretory endometrium {2605}.
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IV, 6% {2233}. Patients with grade
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A Fig. 2.37 A This polypoid intracy
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Fig. 2.40 Endometrioid cyst with at
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1 tumours are extremely rare. Almos
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Fig. 2.50 Borderline Brenner tumour
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express thrombomodulin and have bee
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serous and transitional cell carcin
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is yellow to tan with a variable ad
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Genetic susceptibility JGCTs may pr
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Clinical features F i b romas may b
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distinguishes this tumour from the
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A Fig. 2.77 A Retiform Sertoli-Leyd
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Mean ages of 21 and 38 years and me
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Tumours unassociated with PJS form
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mal origin without crystals of Rein
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Germ cell tumours F. Nogales A. Tal
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cases, anisokaryosis has no prognos
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ation may coexist in the same neopl
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Table 2.06 Grading of ovarian immat
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A B Fig. 2.102 A Mature cystic tera
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Diagnostic procedures Elevated urin
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associated with mature teratomas sh
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atives intimately admixed. The germ
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Fig. 2.113 Mixed germ cell-sex cord
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A Fig. 2.116 A Adenomatous hyperpla
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Fig. 2.117 Small cell carcinoma, hy
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Clinical features Adenoid cystic-li
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Histopathology This epithelial tumo
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sis. Corpus luteum of pregnancy has
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Lymphomas and leukaemias L.M. Roth
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Secondary tumours of the ovary J. P
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Occasionally, the colonic adenocarc
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Peritoneal tumours S.C. Mok J.O. Sc
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A B Fig. 2.140 Cystic adenomatoid m
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whelmingly poor {1038,1547,2310}. H
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CHAPTER 3 Tumours of the Fallopian
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TNM and FIGO classification of carc
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Endometrioid adenocarcinoma Endomet
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Two examples of adenofibroma of bor
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A Fig. 3.11 Adenomatoid tumour. A T
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Clinical features Patients range in
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Fig. 3.16 Uterus-like mass. The cys
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CHAPTER 4 Tumours of the Uterine Co
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TNM and FIGO classification of non-
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Epithelial tumours and related lesi
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endometrioid adenocarcinoma fro m a
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fers from the prototypical type I e
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the ovary and bladder. Unlike prima
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schema {1535,2602}. Although this c
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Table 4.03 Altered gene function in
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Mesenchymal tumours and related les
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areas are limited to less than 30%
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A B C Fig. 4.30 Leiomyosarcoma. A T
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e used sparingly and is reserved fo
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A B Fig. 4.38 Leiomyoma with perino
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cytological atypia, tumour cell nec
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Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
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Prognosis and predictive factors Th
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tumours may superficially invade th
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A Fig. 4.46 A Gestational choriocar
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A Fig. 4.49 A Classic complete hyda
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Sex cord-like, neuroectodermal and
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Secondary tumours of the uterine co
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WHO histological classification of
Page 262 and 263: Epithelial tumours M. Wells J.M. Ne
Page 264 and 265: Fig. 5.04 Mechanisms of human papil
Page 266 and 267: Fig. 5.08 Keratinizing squamous cel
Page 268 and 269: in their Asian population {2957}. I
Page 270 and 271: have a strong association with high
Page 272 and 273: e red by squamous epithelium {380}.
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Page 276 and 277: metrial epithelium. In some cases t
Page 278 and 279: with distinct cell borders and a gr
Page 280 and 281: Mesenchymal tumours M.L. Carcangiu
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Page 284 and 285: Mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tu
Page 286 and 287: Fig. 5.44 Wilms tumour. The tumour
Page 288 and 289: A Fig. 5.47 Implant of endometrial
Page 290 and 291: CHAPTER 6 Tumours of the Vagina Alt
Page 292 and 293: Epithelial tumours E.S. Andersen A.
Page 294 and 295: Aetiology The fact that both VAIN a
Page 296 and 297: Fig. 6.10 Fibroepithelial polyp.A m
Page 298 and 299: er of mitoses varies but is usually
Page 300 and 301: ICD-O codes Adenosquamous carcinoma
Page 302 and 303: A C Fig. 6.17 Sarcoma botryoides. A
Page 304 and 305: 1-11 cm. They may arise anywhere in
Page 306 and 307: elsewhere in the female genital tra
Page 308 and 309: A Fig. 6.24 Yolk sac tumour. A The
Page 310 and 311: g rowing in sheets. Some may have s
Page 314 and 315: Epithelial tumours E.J. Wilkinson M
Page 316 and 317: even with additional sectioning, it
Page 318 and 319: type) is a highly diff e rentiated
Page 320 and 321: Clinical features Bartholin gland c
Page 322 and 323: glandular elements surrounded by fi
Page 324 and 325: Mesenchymal tumours R.L. Kempson M.
Page 326 and 327: Table 7.03 Differential diagnosis o
Page 328 and 329: Prognosis and predictive factors A
Page 330 and 331: Table 7.04 Clark levels of cutaneou
Page 332 and 333: A Fig. 7.23 Vulvar peripheral primi
Page 334 and 335: Familial aggregation of cancers of
Page 336 and 337: BRCA1 syndrome Definition Inherited
Page 338 and 339: dispose individuals to the developm
Page 340 and 341: Fig. 8.05 To assess whether wild-ty
Page 342 and 343: Fig. 8.07 Factors that modify risk
Page 344 and 345: BRCA2 syndrome R. Eeles S. Piver S.
Page 346 and 347: tubal or ovarian carcinomas. Howeve
Page 348 and 349: in typical nuclear foci that may re
Page 350 and 351: Breast tumours Frequency Breast can
Page 352 and 353: Fig. 8.14 Codon distribution of som
Page 354 and 355: Breast tumours Age distribution and
Page 356 and 357: Hereditary non-polyposis colon canc
Page 358 and 359: essary in the evaluation of the pat
Page 360 and 361: Age distribution and penetrance Mos
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Contributors Dr Vera M. ABELER** De
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Dr Carlo LA VECCHIA Laboratory of E
Page 366 and 367:
Dr Manuel TEIXEIRA Department of Ge
Page 368 and 369:
02.100 Dr. A. Ostor 02.101 Dr. F.A.
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52. Akhtar M, Robinson C, Ashraf Al
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180. Bapat K, Brustein S (1989). Ut
Page 374 and 375:
307. Bolis GB, Maccio T (2000). Cle
Page 376 and 377:
436. Chang J, Sharpe JC, A'Hern RP,
Page 378 and 379:
562. Costa MJ, Ames PF, Walls J, Ro
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689. Di Domenico A, Stangl F, Benni
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820. Falck J, Petrini JH, Williams
Page 384 and 385:
943. Gad A, Azzopardi JG (1975). Lo
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1067. Grimes MM (1992). Cystosarcom
Page 388 and 389:
1197. Herod JJ, Shafi MI, Rollason
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1323. Jacques SM, Qureshi F, Ramire
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1449. Khalifa MA, Mannel RS, Harawa
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1564. Lagios MD (1977). Multicentri
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1687. Loman N, Johannsson O, Kristo
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1807. McCluggage G, McBride H, Maxw
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1937. Mukai M, Torikata C, Iri H (1
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2056. Norris HJ, Taylor HB (1967).
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2180. Park JS, Jones RW, McLean MR,
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2304. Puls LE, Hamous J, Morrow MS,
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2 4 3 4 . Rosen PP, Groshen S, Saig
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2559. Schlesinger C, Silverberg SG
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2686. Silverberg SG (1999). Protoco
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2806. Stutz JA, Evans AJ, Pinder S,
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2942. Tornos C, Silva EG, Ordonez N
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3061. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ (1990).
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3189. Yoshioka T, Tanaka T (2000).
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References 425
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Biphasic teratomas, 168 BLM, 341, 3
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G GADD45, 343, 353 GCDFP-15, 25, 33
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MPNST, see Malignant peripheral ner
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Small cell / oat cell carcinoma, 32
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