Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions 8.2. The Obstacles Responsible for this Sectoral Approach Two principal reasons seem to explain the approach based on the housing sector. 8.2.1. A Well-Ensconced Catch-Up Policy The housing policy represents one of the foundations of the post-apartheid government’s catch-up policy for low-income populations. The massive development of small, single-family homes is a strong symbol, one that has been embraced and demanded by populations. The Department of Housing finds it difficult to exit this single-product schema, and is attempting to diversify it and overcome its failings without for all that really challenging it. 8.2.2. A Facilitator Government More generally speaking, the government of South Africa poses as a facilitator government, proposing action for poor populations but not intervening any further in the production of urban space. The neo-liberal discourse results in part from the compromises made by the ANC at the end of apartheid, and aims to keep investors from fleeing and gives them a great degree of autonomy. The government of South Africa thus contents itself with providing services to poor populations but in no case seeks to control or utilize the private sector to create functionally and socially diverse living spaces. 116 8.3. Territory-Based Reasoning Difficult to Implement Another hindrance to the design of integrated settlements in the urban landscape for low-income populations can be seen in the difficulty of favouring, identifying and developing one settlement over another. This rejection of territorialization comes in large part from the history of apartheid, which consisted precisely of favouring certain areas and penalizing other settlements reserved for non-white populations. 8.3.1. The Lack of Planning This desire to avoid favouring certain territories over others shows through in how difficult it has been for planning to re-emerge in public policies. The desire to let the market Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions partially guide re-development has not favoured the advancement of planning either. To take an abusive shortcut, planning does not exist on the national level, can be seen on the provincial level but does very little guiding, and is mandatory on the local level with the elaboration of Integrated Development Plans (IDPs). However, local governments do not yet use these strategic planning tools to their full potential. In addition, these IDPs are in large part made up of sectoral plans that do not necessarily emanate from a spatial vision. In August 2006, the city of Tshwane (more commonly known by the name of Pretoria) asked a team of consultants to reflect on a strategy to implement the Breaking New Ground principles within the metro. The team submitted its report 48 in November 2007 and notably specified that a Human Settlement Plan should be included in the IDP to take into account, for each urban development zone concerned, the various sectors necessary for balanced development. It recommended a mapped strategy identifying the various urban projects necessary for the city’s equitable development. Such a strategy is difficult for the municipality to implement because it requires a crosscutting team. However, the city does not have a municipal office in charge of these spatial reflections targeting a long-term objective. This example shows the lack of operational urban development strategies that make it possible to integrate the economic considerations and transportation issues vital to the creation of equitable urban spaces. 8.3.2. Limited Participation in the Implementation of Development Projects Another mechanism that makes it possible to take into account territorial stakes and the diversity of difficulties encountered is participation by civil society. Given its history, post-apartheid South Africa places a great deal of importance on consulting the population. There are institutional mechanisms for this designed by the government to ensure a form of local representativity, and social movements that emerge spontaneously from civil society. 117 The Institutional Mechanisms The South African municipalities’ governance mechanisms were defined in the Municipal Structures Act of 1998. The municipalities are divided into wards. 49 Each ward 48. This document was titled the Tshwane Comprehensive Sustainable Human Settlement Strategy. 49. For instance, Johannesburg contains 109 wards. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
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FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
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Public Policies on Housing and Urba
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Introduction At the end of aparthei
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PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
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An Urban History of South Africa: F
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1. An Urban History of South Africa
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Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
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2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
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2. Current Challenges However, desp
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2. Current Challenges Progressively
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2. Current Challenges far from the
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2. Current Challenges commutes are
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Urban Development Policies in a Uni
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3. Urban Development Policies in a
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Page 67 and 68: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 119 and 120: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 127 and 128: Toward Greater Integration of Publi
Page 129 and 130: 9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
Page 141 and 142: Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
Page 143 and 144: Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
Page 145 and 146: Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
Page 147 and 148: Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
Page 149 and 150: Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
Page 151 and 152: Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
Page 153 and 154: Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
Page 155 and 156: Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
Page 157 and 158: Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
Page 159 and 160: Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
Page 161 and 162: Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
Page 163 and 164: Publications Les titres de la colle
Page 165 and 166: Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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