Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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Public Policies on Housing and Urban Integration in South Africa This chaotic evolution pushed urban complexity to the extreme. To cite only two examples, one will recall that before the abolition of the discriminatory legal arsenal (with the Abolition of Racially Based Measurements Amendment Act No. 113 of 1991), approximately seventeen thousand legal texts were in force. In regard to the conditions on and modes of access to land, the Land Administration Act No. 2 of 1995 and the Land Affairs General Amendment Act No. 11 of 1995 abolished fifty-four texts, as each province and bantustan had its own legislation. Legal abolition was a fairly simple political act. Taking stock of the land tenure situation, verifying property or usage deeds, and integrating them in a single cadastral registration system was otherwise more complicated. Launching a new housing policy required the identification of the lands owned by the state, provinces and municipalities. Yet, this operation had not been completed in 2009, and the state is still unable to map and evaluate its own property and most provinces and municipalities are still struggling to define theirs. There are two other challenges in addition to the challenge of heterogeneousness: demographics and economics. Slower than elsewhere in Africa, population growth has nevertheless helped increase the need for housing, equipment and infrastructure. The population of South Africa is believed to have grown by an average of 2.7% annually from 1946 to 1970, and 2.4% annually from 1970 to 1996. 3 However, migration has fed faster urban growth of respectively 3.5% and 3.1% annually, especially in large cities. 18 There is a correlation between this urbanization and a long-term trend of economic growth: first, irregular in the 1970s, slower than population growth in the 1980s, and then regular but modest at the start of the 1990s — which many authors have analyzed as marking a crisis in the former regime of accumulation. It is also linked to the restructuring of mining and industry protected by the former apartheid fortress, and stimulated by measures to increase openness adopted at the start of the 1990s. Since 1996, the neo-liberal shift taken by the government (Growth, Employment and Redistribution – GEAR) has sped up this transformation, one of the consequences of which is a modification of the urban salaried labour market making it increasingly polarized. 3. Source: SACN 2006. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
Public Policies on Housing and Urban Integration in South Africa The deregulation of the former administered racial Fordism led to an attempt at reregulation. This re-regulation relied on a hybrid mode combining neo-liberalism and redistribution policies. It was the result of a compromise between the ANC, the unions, and business owners. This mode was supposed to respond to the double objective of driving strong growth through the accelerated opening to the world market and reallocating resources for the benefit of those who had been the victims of the former racist regime. It is in this framework that the fundamental choices in public housing policies make sense. The Decision to Make Private Property Widespread Listed as a political priority in the ANC’s first platform (the Reconstruction and Development Programme – RDP) and the White Paper on housing published in 1994, access to housing is a fundamental right, written into the 1996 Constitution and confirmed by the Housing Act of 1997. In 1994, the housing deficit was estimated at 1.5 million units, and according to the 1996 census, 13% of the total population (or 1 million households) lived on non-serviced or partially serviced land. To overcome this deficit, a large national programme to produce 1.5 million homes in five years was launched. More than this productive effort, however, one must insist on the model chosen. Negotiated during the National Housing Forum that brought together numerous public, private and associative actors including the Urban Foundation, a private institution and powerful local vector of neo-liberal thought, this model is a variation of the mode of hybrid regulation favouring public-private partnerships and hybrid governance. 4 Ignoring the rental solution — too reminiscent of apartheid and provided by the private and cooperative sectors for solvent segments of the population — the central government focused its efforts on making private property widespread, first by continuing sites and services programmes (People’s Housing Process – PHP) focusing on people’s self-promotion, then by speeding up the sale of the public housing stock in the 19 4. Hybrid or partnership-based governance designates systems and processes of coordination among heterogeneous (public, private and associative) actors aiming to create cooperation so as to attain collectively negotiated objectives. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
Page 1 and 2: Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
Page 3 and 4: The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
Page 5 and 6: Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
Page 7 and 8: Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
Page 9 and 10: Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
Page 11 and 12: Contents CONCLUSION ...............
Page 13 and 14: Methodology The purpose of this stu
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
Page 17: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 21 and 22: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 29 and 30: Introduction At the end of aparthei
Page 31 and 32: PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
Page 33 and 34: An Urban History of South Africa: F
Page 35 and 36: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53 and 54: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 55 and 56: 2. Current Challenges Progressively
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61 and 62: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 63 and 64: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
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PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
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Planning as Implemented in South Af
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4. Planning as Implemented in South
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The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
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5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
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Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
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6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
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PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
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Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
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7. Access to Housing: The Main End
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The Limits of the Government’s Ac
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8. The Limits of the Government’s
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Toward Greater Integration of Publi
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9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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