Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions Planning Still Experimental In theory, the role of planning is to coordinate and spatially project the various sectors and corresponding departments. However, primarily because of apartheid, planning is struggling to find its place within governments. Some metros are more innovative and involved than others, such as the city of Ethekwini that is spontaneously trying to plan its development for the next seventy years and then relay this vision through the 5-year IDPs. In Johannesburg, the planning department has recently grown in importance but is still having trouble mobilizing and working with all the departments. Awkward Inter-Governmental Management 122 The distribution of roles among the three spheres of government is extremely delicate. In 1994, responsibility for delivery was entrusted to the provinces because the local governments were still fragile. Today, decentralization continues but there is still room for ambiguity. The subject of housing is one of the responsibilities whose contours are still fuzzy. Constitutionally, the provinces have jurisdiction but the local governments are in charge of implementation and land selection. The Breaking New Ground policy envisages shoring up municipalities’ decision-making power and proposes an accreditation process that allows responsibility to be transferred to municipalities at the request of the provinces and municipalities in question. In this way, determining each party’s roles is a delicate task and cooperation is difficult. This situation is even more marked in Cape Town where the municipal authorities belong to the Democratic Alliance while Western Cape Province (like all the provinces) is run by the ANC. Real Capacity Issues Finally, the difficulty perhaps most difficult to overcome pertains to questions of capacities and skills. All of the public sphere is having difficulty hiring. This situation is problematic in the municipalities as they are progressively being placed in charge of larger segments of public policies and are having trouble mobilizing the necessary skills. The Black Economic Empowerment policy has, to a certain degree, caused the flight of some white technical skills. In addition, the skills within other populations, in large part recently trained, are often snatched up by the private sector. Thus, skills are rare within municipalities and the staff often has trouble managing all the subjects. It Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions should, however, be noted that many municipalities often call on teams of consultants to temporarily increase their capacities. This is relatively expensive and produces disparate studies and results that are then difficult for municipal staff to capitalize on. Lack of skills can also be felt in French municipalities, in particular in small communes such as those in overseas France. Some tools exist to establish satisfactory urban developments, but they are not always used by the municipalities. Planning agencies — such as APUR 51 for the city of Paris or AGORAH 52 for all of Reunion Island — serve as support for municipalities to carry a strategic vision of urban development. They ensure continuity of action and are fully at the service of the public authorities; their capital is often shared among several levels of government. 8.4.2. Parallel with the Management of Municipalities in France and Reunion Island A Municipal Initiative In France, responsibility for urban development and building housing for low-income populations belongs to the municipalities. Since the wave of decentralization in 1982/83, cities have been in charge of managing and planning their own development. In some cases, communities of agglomerations or inter-commune groups can be assigned development responsibilities for reasons of capacities and above all adequacy with the urban territory. 123 Semi-Public Development Companies To fulfil their responsibilities, municipalities may rely on their staff and also on the planning agency when one exists for the strategic vision. For more operational aspects, they may rely on development companies and more specifically on semi-public companies (SPCs) specialized in urban development. SPCs emerged in France at the start of the twentieth century, notably to allow for housing construction. Starting in the 51. Atelier Parisien d’Urbanisme (Paris urbanism workshop). 52. Agence pour l’Observation de La Réunion, l’Aménagement et de l’Habitat (agency for the observation of Reunion Island, development and housing). © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
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FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
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Public Policies on Housing and Urba
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Introduction At the end of aparthei
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PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
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An Urban History of South Africa: F
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1. An Urban History of South Africa
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Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
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2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
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2. Current Challenges However, desp
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2. Current Challenges Progressively
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2. Current Challenges far from the
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2. Current Challenges commutes are
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Urban Development Policies in a Uni
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3. Urban Development Policies in a
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PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115 and 116: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 121: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 127 and 128: Toward Greater Integration of Publi
Page 129 and 130: 9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
Page 141 and 142: Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
Page 143 and 144: Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
Page 145 and 146: Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
Page 147 and 148: Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
Page 149 and 150: Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
Page 151 and 152: Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
Page 153 and 154: Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
Page 155 and 156: Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
Page 157 and 158: Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
Page 159 and 160: Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
Page 161 and 162: Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
Page 163 and 164: Publications Les titres de la colle
Page 165 and 166: Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
Page 167 and 168: What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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