Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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3. Urban Development Policies in a Unique Political and Institutional Context sentence for high treason along with other leaders of the opposition, was freed. He took over as head of the ANC, which was recognized as the primordial political actor in the struggle against apartheid and the defence of non-white populations. Predominance in Post-Apartheid Political Life In April 1994, the first multi-racial elections were held, and the ANC won these elections with 62.6% of votes. Nelson Mandela then became the president of South Africa. National elections are held every five years and, in 1999, the ANC won 66.4% of votes, which brought the former vice-president, Thabo Mbeki, to power. Finally, during the national elections in 2004, the ANC received 69.7% of votes and Thabo Mbeki began his second term of office. The 2009 elections gave the ANC another victory, and Jacob Zuma became president. 3.1.2. The Other Political Parties 62 The Democratic Alliance (DA) is the primary opposition party, followed closely by the Inkhata Freedom Party (IFP). The DA, a mostly white party, was created in 2000 from a political merger and is currently led by Helen Zille, who is also mayor of Cape Town. The IFP is a mainly Zulu party born in 1975 in Natal Province in reaction to apartheid. The IFP and the ANC progressively began to clash, and the apartheid government sought to maintain this political, even ethnic, rivalry. Today, the IFP accounts for only 6% to 7% of votes in national elections. Nationally and in the provinces, the ANC completely dominates the political stage. It is on the municipal level that the opposition parties, and more specifically the DA, play a significant role. The DA won back power in the city of Cape Town during the last municipal elections in March 2006, after having lost in 2002, in large part thanks to coloured voters in the townships. Several other smaller (rather working-class) municipalities have elected political representatives that do not belong to the ANC. This is a sort of questioning of the ANC’s local management and a criticism of still not very effective local governments. One should note that, for historical and other reasons, the public administration in South Africa is extremely politicized, and political considerations play a huge role in determining which programmes are developed at all levels of government. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
3. Urban Development Policies in a Unique Political and Institutional Context 3.1.3. The Latest Political Evolutions There have recently been several political upheavals. In October 2008, Thabo Mbeki, disowned by his party, was obliged to resign his position as President of South Africa. The ANC has been controlled by Jacob Zuma, Thabo Mbeki’s political rival, since 2005. Thabo Mbeki was also highly criticized by the people. Among other things, he was implicated in a corruption scandal and has been attacked for his conciliatory position on Zimbabwe as well as for his AIDS policy, his handling of the violence against immigrants in August 2008, and the electricity shortage. Following Thabo Mbeki’s resignation, the National Assembly elected the ANC’s number two, Kgalema Motlanthe, to act as interim president until the elections in April 2009. These elections were won by the ANC with 65.9% of votes and led to Jacob Zuma’s election. He became democratic South Africa’s fourth president on 9 May 2009. When Thabo Mbeki resigned, a certain number of his ministers also resigned, including the Minister of Finance and the Vice-President, which increased political instability and caused a disruption in the implementation of public policies. Following these political changes, a dissident branch of the ANC formed a new party, Congress of the People (COPE). 3.2. The Public Authorities and Urban Development: Three Spheres of Government According to the new South African constitution of 1996, the government is made up of an independent judicial branch, and three executive and legislative spheres of government: the national government, the provincial governments, and local governments. 63 3.2.1. The National Government Multi-Sectoral Governance: The Presidency and the National Treasury Two national bodies have a key role in urban development and in all other fields of policy intervention. The first is the Presidency which consists of the President, the head of the National Assembly, and the Minister of the Presidency. This body’s aim is to facilitate an integrated and coordinated approach to governance. It sets overall guidelines © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
Page 11 and 12: Contents CONCLUSION ...............
Page 13 and 14: Methodology The purpose of this stu
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
Page 17 and 18: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 29 and 30: Introduction At the end of aparthei
Page 31 and 32: PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
Page 33 and 34: An Urban History of South Africa: F
Page 35 and 36: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53 and 54: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 55 and 56: 2. Current Challenges Progressively
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 65 and 66: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 67 and 68: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
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The Limits of the Government’s Ac
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8. The Limits of the Government’s
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Toward Greater Integration of Publi
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9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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