Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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9. Toward Greater Integration of Public Policy followed by the arrival of illegal squatters. This reality in the largest South African cities has generated renovation actions by various actors and has mobilized over time and in specific geographic zones community and municipal organizations. The examples of Johannesburg and Cape Town illustrate this. In 1991, property values in the Johannesburg city centre had dropped considerably and this worried several of the actors concerned. The municipality, inhabitants’ communities and private investors came together in a large workshop, which resulted in 1992 in the creation of the Central Joburg Partnership (CJP), a tri-lateral organization. CJP concentrates on research on the economic and sociological causes of urban decay. After this, various bodies successively carried the city centre’s interests 57 until the creation of the Johannesburg Development Agency (JDA), an independent municipal body that took care of the city centre only for two years and now intervenes throughout the municipality. In terms of production, large infrastructure projects were first launched with public funds, such as Mandela Bridge. Then, the private sector invested in improving the urban environment (notably Gandhi Square, a transit platform) and generated larger investments in certain neighbourhoods. Today, the city centre zone is once again managed by a municipal team that seeks, notably via Social Housing Institutions, to renovate rundown buildings and create affordable housing in the city centre. Unfortunately, these renovations have often led to the expulsion of squatters; the municipality was recently brought before the courts, and for the past year, it has been obliged to offer re-housing solutions in the city centre. 136 In Cape Town, the City Improvement District (CID) mechanism is mostly used. 58 The CID is a (legally supervised) group of private investors that pay additional taxes to ensure better maintenance of the surroundings in a given zone (more waste removal, more security police, additional parking systems, etc.). There are fifteen CIDs in the city of Cape Town. The city centre CID, the Cape Town Partnership (CTP), was created in 1999 and is the largest. In nearly ten years, approximately 170 buildings in the city 57. The Inner-City Development Forum, created as a consultative body for the three communes concerned, worked to elaborate a re-development strategy that all the actors would share and accept. Then, in 1996, an agency in charge of production and operational implementation was created within the municipality, the Inner City Office. 58. The CID mechanism is also used in Johannesburg’s city centre and other neighbourhoods where there is economic activity. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
9. Toward Greater Integration of Public Policy centre have been renovated and a degree of functional diversity (residential, economic and tourism) has been created. CIDs have the status of coordination agency belonging to the city, province and community of owners. The Cape Town city centre now has a fairly good reputation. The Johannesburg city centre is much larger and the stakes are more complex but the improvements are visible. Many hope to be able to circulate freely throughout the city centre soon. 9.3.3. A Programme Focusing on the Urban Environment An interesting initiative was launched by the city of Cape Town and KfW 59 in the city’s largest township, Khayelitsha. A project team was formed with consultants and municipal employees to improve the urban environment in more than one third of Khayelitsha and seeks to lower violence there. The project is called Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU). In 2002, a feasibility study was launched for the entire zone concerned. According to the project leader, Michael Krause, enough money and subsidies were available and the challenge was above all to coordinate the various sectors among themselves to invest in facilities and build on relevant sites in function of the existing urban landscape (traffic flows, spontaneous public spaces, etc.) and to generate ongoing dialogue with and sustained mobilization by inhabitants. 9.3.4. A Motivating Public Transit Policy The lack of public transit in large South African cities has long been worrisome. For this reason, and spurred on by the arrival of the soccer World Cup in 2010, Gauteng Province recently began to implement a public rail transit system, the Gautrain, to connect the city centre to the northern section of Johannesburg. In addition, the city of Johannesburg is building an extensive bus network (the Bus Rapid Transit system, BRT) for the entire metropolitan area. This project is carried by a special unit of the municipality. Numerous actors still doubt the feasibility of this BRT system because the collective taxi lobby is very powerful. Nevertheless, these two initiatives should in theory irrigate the city of Johannesburg with public transit. Two years ago, the municipality of Johannesburg’s planning department, strongly supported by City 137 59. KfW: Germany’s financial cooperation agency. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
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FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
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Public Policies on Housing and Urba
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Introduction At the end of aparthei
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PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
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An Urban History of South Africa: F
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1. An Urban History of South Africa
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Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
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2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
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2. Current Challenges However, desp
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2. Current Challenges Progressively
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2. Current Challenges far from the
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2. Current Challenges commutes are
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Urban Development Policies in a Uni
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3. Urban Development Policies in a
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PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
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Planning as Implemented in South Af
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4. Planning as Implemented in South
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The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
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5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115 and 116: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 127 and 128: Toward Greater Integration of Publi
Page 129 and 130: 9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Page 141 and 142: Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
Page 143 and 144: Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
Page 145 and 146: Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
Page 147 and 148: Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
Page 149 and 150: Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
Page 151 and 152: Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
Page 153 and 154: Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
Page 155 and 156: Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
Page 157 and 158: Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
Page 159 and 160: Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
Page 161 and 162: Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
Page 163 and 164: Publications Les titres de la colle
Page 165 and 166: Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
Page 167 and 168: What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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