Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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1. An Urban History of South Africa: From 1652 to the Present 1.2.3. A Catch-Up Policy Centred Around the Massive Construction of Single- Family Homes Following these debates and in order to apply their conclusions, a set of national policies and laws emerged starting in 1994. An Overall Framework The determination to take into account all of the urban development recommendations and carry a vision of the post-apartheid city brought about the drafting of the Urban Development Strategy in 1995, which was rearranged in 1997 to become the Urban Development Framework. This document presents a certain number of general guidelines to attain the urban development desired by the government. The principal lines are spatial restructuring for compact, integrated cities, economic and social development for productive, fair cities, and finally institutional restructuring for well-governed cities and an efficient local scale. This document provided a general framework but in reality had little impact on practical implementation. Indeed, the general principles — or, rather, the ideals to attain — are presented but the means to attain them are not set out and no other document has been written to implement them. Fairer Land Distribution 42 A large-scale land reform policy was conducted from the end of apartheid by the Department of Land Affairs. This policy relied on three types of actions: restitution (return ownership of their lands to the populations that had owned them originally, before the spoliation under apartheid), redistribution (help non-white populations acquire land, notably in rural areas to attain a fairer distribution of all farm land), and finally the reform of land tenure (aiming to normalize land situations, limit customary management mechanisms and re-establish fairer property rights). The aim of this reform was to make up for the harm to certain populations under apartheid. Its implementation was, however, extremely tricky and its results are still very mixed. 15 This reform concerned 15. In 2004, only 2% of land had been attributed to non-white populations. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
1. An Urban History of South Africa: From 1652 to the Present mainly rural and agricultural land and aimed to be a catch-up policy for historically disadvantaged populations. When it comes to urban land management, the Development Facilitation Act (DFA, 1995) is one of the only laws that attempts to implement the general principles of balanced urban development (notably those detailed in the Urban Development Framework). The DFA recommends development and land management principles, and in particular: preventing urban sprawl, optimizing resources, proposing housing and nearby or rapidly accessible employment solutions, and encouraging mixed use of land. In order to attain these objectives, cities must develop Land Development Objectives, 16 and provincial land management tribunals have been created to accelerate land development authorization processes. These mechanisms will be discussed in detail at the start of Part Two. The Home Construction and Attribution Overall, the policy that would primarily influence urban development in the years following apartheid was the housing grant programme. This policy of public housing construction was part of the general framework of measures emanating from the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) elaborated by the ANC in 1994. The RDP is the founding document of the ANC’s post-apartheid policy. It was established before the Constitution and presents all the strategic lines of action and measures that must be taken. The RDP is a very ambitious programme that addresses all the subjects necessary to erase traces of apartheid and rebuild the country. Among these subjects, housing appears at the top of the list as one of the flagship policies to implement. Successfully providing decent housing to the largest possible number of people was declared to be crucial. This housing policy, which promised to build one million homes in five years, would have considerable effects. It was based heavily on the National Housing Forum’s recommendations and therefore focused primarily on the massive provision of small houses for free. These houses are commonly called RDP houses (Photos 1 and 2). 43 16. The Land Development Objectives are spatial and land strategies that each municipality must produce. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
Page 1 and 2: Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
Page 3 and 4: The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
Page 5 and 6: Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
Page 7 and 8: Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
Page 9 and 10: Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
Page 11 and 12: Contents CONCLUSION ...............
Page 13 and 14: Methodology The purpose of this stu
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
Page 17 and 18: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 29 and 30: Introduction At the end of aparthei
Page 31 and 32: PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
Page 33 and 34: An Urban History of South Africa: F
Page 35 and 36: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 41: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53 and 54: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 55 and 56: 2. Current Challenges Progressively
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61 and 62: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 63 and 64: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
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7. Access to Housing: The Main End
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The Limits of the Government’s Ac
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8. The Limits of the Government’s
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Toward Greater Integration of Publi
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9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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