Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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9. Toward Greater Integration of Public Policy developing urban development initiatives that are integrated in all meanings of the word. Here are some of these initiatives, 54 presented according to the level of government concerned. 9.1. An Increasingly Favourable National Framework When apartheid ended, the government of South Africa wished to set up relatively ambitious programmes to favour populations that had suffered during apartheid and be able to completely modify the way cities developed. Fourteen years after the end of apartheid, development schemas have not lived up to expectations in regard to the integration of low-income populations in cities. As soon as the major public policy decisions were made, criticisms emerged from university researchers, think tanks, and NGOs. It is interesting to see that in South Africa the world of research and the government interact heavily, and that governments often call on academia to evaluate and improve their public policies. 55 For several years now, the first results of public policies have been visible and can be analyzed. For this reason, we are now seeing a new dynamic within the government authorities who are seeking to learn the lessons from past years. 9.1.1. Breaking New Ground 128 Despite the lack of a national urban policy, urban stakes can clearly be seen in intellectual debate and show through in other policies. One must first mention, yet again, Breaking New Ground (BNG), a Department of Housing initiative that aims to produce living spaces and not merely housing. BNG insists on the importance of developing rental solutions, creating more social facilities, and densifying human settlements. In some provinces, BNG has been transposed on the provincial level in the form of more operational documents. Western Cape Province has drafted Isidama, a document applying the principles in BNG to Western Cape Province. Isidama proposes eight 54. See Appendices 3, 4 and 5 for the location of the various projects. 55. Either to conduct studies and propose possible improvements, or as direct hires. For instance, the city of Johannesburg recently recruited Philip Harisson, a reputed researcher in the field of urban planning. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
9. Toward Greater Integration of Public Policy concrete objectives including clarifying existing programmes, developing municipal capacities, and coordination among the various sectoral departments. The municipality of Tshwane (Pretoria) has also wished to apply BNG’s principles: this has lead to the elaboration of a strategy that is not yet being implemented because it is innovative and too difficult to integrate in the municipal teams’ operations. Generally speaking, BNG proposes to diversify the use of current housing production tools and improve them. To do so, it created new mechanisms such as the Restructuring Grants and the Restructuring Zones for social housing, the generalization of in-situ upgrading for informal housing. But above all, BNG made it possible to disseminate widely among all public actors a criticism of past policies and principles for harmonious and more calculated urban development. 9.1.2. Inclusionary Housing The Department of Housing is currently working to draft a policy that seeks to foster social diversity, the Inclusionary Housing Policy. This policy advocates the development of residential zones for a wider variety of households. Two new instruments are proposed. The first mechanism is incentive in nature and relies on initiative by the government that decides to make public land available and asks a private promoter to develop a residential project that includes a high percentage of affordable housing (for ownership or rental). The second mechanism is regulatory in nature and obliges, via development rights and zoning, all promoters of residential zones to include a minimum (between 10% and 30%) of affordable housing. It is still only a draft policy that relies, notably for the regulatory provision, on the draft of the Land Use Management Act currently under revision. 129 France also has a regulatory obligation in regard to social housing. Each commune must have a territory-wide total of at least 20% social housing. This way of imposing social diversity differs from inclusionary housing in that it applies on the scale of the commune. It is up to the municipality to determine a strategy to attain this 20% social housing and decide how and where it wants to develop it. One should also note that some communes come closer to 60% or 70% social housing, such as the city of Trappes in the Yvelines department southwest of Paris, while other communes still have less than 20%. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
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FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
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Public Policies on Housing and Urba
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Introduction At the end of aparthei
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PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
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An Urban History of South Africa: F
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1. An Urban History of South Africa
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Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
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2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
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2. Current Challenges However, desp
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2. Current Challenges Progressively
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2. Current Challenges far from the
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2. Current Challenges commutes are
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Urban Development Policies in a Uni
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3. Urban Development Policies in a
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PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
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Planning as Implemented in South Af
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4. Planning as Implemented in South
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4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 77 and 78: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 79 and 80: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115 and 116: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 127: Toward Greater Integration of Publi
Page 131 and 132: 9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
Page 141 and 142: Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
Page 143 and 144: Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
Page 145 and 146: Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
Page 147 and 148: Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
Page 149 and 150: Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
Page 151 and 152: Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
Page 153 and 154: Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
Page 155 and 156: Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
Page 157 and 158: Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
Page 159 and 160: Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
Page 161 and 162: Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
Page 163 and 164: Publications Les titres de la colle
Page 165 and 166: Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
Page 167 and 168: What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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