Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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1. An Urban History of South Africa: From 1652 to the Present government banned non-white populations from access to education, controlled and considerably limited their access to jobs, and limited their rights to housing and services. But above all, the ideology of apartheid relied on separate spatial development, designed in an authoritarian manner and executed thanks to extremely powerful legislative instruments. The government used territorial planning, not to ensure coherency in territorial development but to put into practice this division of the various populations. A law 8 established racial categories. Then, the Group Areas Act of 1950 imposed absolute separate urban development by no longer authorizing non-white populations (black, coloured, and Indian) to live in white cities and forcing them to live only in racespecific dormitory zones. Territorial Apartheid and Separate Urban Landscapes 36 The need for inexpensive labour, notably in mining, would be a limit to the government’s desire for separate urban development. In order to take advantage of black labour all the same and utilize it, the government decided to control the comings and goings of working populations with the help of a pass system 9 authorizing limited circulation within white cities. To territorially outline this barrier, working populations were assigned rental housing in hostels or matchbox houses within townships. The term “township” designates a dormitory zone that existed before or was created during apartheid, separate from the multi-functional white city by industrial zones and buffer zones. 10 Access roads to townships were very few in number and controlled; public and commercial spaces were inexistent; and facilities and services were lacking or rudimentary. Matchbox houses were small, rudimentary houses built massively by the government between 1948 and 1962 to house non-white workers. The hostels were buildings of one or more floors with bedrooms and shared lavatories for workers obliged to live alone when their families were not authorized to live “that close” to the white city. The apartheid city was therefore entirely conceived to ensure full residential 8 The Population Registration Act. 9. This system was established by the “Influx Control Act” that formally forbade workers from staying in urban areas more than 72 hours. 10 A “buffer zone” was a strip of unbuilt land at least 100 meters wide separating white zones from non-white zones. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
1. An Urban History of South Africa: From 1652 to the Present segregation (Graph 1). The township of Soweto south of Johannesburg was, for example, used by the apartheid government to house black populations in an overcrowded and under-equipped area near the mines. The government wanted to restrict non-white populations’ spatial freedom but had no real intention of housing them. Thus, in 1986, 50% of the people residing in the Johannesburg area lived in informal housing. Graph 1. Theoretical Model of the Apartheid City 37 Source: R.J. Davies, The Apartheid City, 1981. The homelands were another territorial division strategy elaborated by the apartheid government. Starting in 1960, approximately 2,600,000 blacks were thus deported to ten small rural zones called homelands or bantustans that were supposed to correspond to the ethnic origin of the population. In reality, the aim was to produce, not on city scale © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
Page 1 and 2: Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
Page 3 and 4: The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
Page 5 and 6: Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
Page 7 and 8: Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
Page 9 and 10: Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
Page 11 and 12: Contents CONCLUSION ...............
Page 13 and 14: Methodology The purpose of this stu
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
Page 17 and 18: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 29 and 30: Introduction At the end of aparthei
Page 31 and 32: PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
Page 33 and 34: An Urban History of South Africa: F
Page 35: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 39 and 40: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53 and 54: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 55 and 56: 2. Current Challenges Progressively
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61 and 62: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 63 and 64: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
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6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
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PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
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Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
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7. Access to Housing: The Main End
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The Limits of the Government’s Ac
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8. The Limits of the Government’s
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Toward Greater Integration of Publi
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9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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