Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions especially in the case of general interest or social vocation projects, and necessarily goes against the interests of other actors. In South Africa, in the Johannesburg city centre and elsewhere, xenophobic reactions are frequent and particularly difficult to integrate in an open consultation and participation process. Getting people to participate, benefiting from their ideas, and at the same time convincing all of the communities concerned of the validity of a project requires a delicate balance. Despite these implementation difficulties, and based on South African and French examples of participatory projects in which the populations are fully integrated, consulting and working with populations appears to be fundamental. This is especially the case for projects in inhabited areas or when re-housing is necessary. Inhabitants can then feel a form of urban belonging that connects them to their neighbourhoods. Participation processes are above all essential to develop a territorial identity and generate peoples’ involvement within the urban fabric. 8.4. The Municipalities’ Involvement in Urban Development for Disadvantaged Populations: A Still Uncertain Role 120 When one examines the government’s role in producing quality urban spaces for populations with modest incomes, municipalities’ territory and the scope of their responsibilities receive the closest attention. Cities represent the public level responsible for planning and implementing urban development programmes to integrate all of their inhabitants as harmoniously as possible. South African municipalities’ — and more specifically metros’ — responsibilities have evolved considerably since 1994, and cities seem designated to guide their urban development. Furthermore, South Africa is often cited as a model of decentralization in Africa. However, cities must overcome nonnegligible difficulties. 8.4.1. Municipalities’ Current Difficulties Recent and Ambiguous Responsibilities for Managing Urban Development Immediately after the end of apartheid, the national and then provincial governments were rapidly defined and set up. It took longer to successfully democratize local governments. The municipalities were powerful and well-structured (notably fiscally) Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions during apartheid, and this is why local governments were able to remain an important level in the post-apartheid strategy. However, after the end of the 1990s, most decisionmaking and investment powers were entrusted to the national and provincial departments. Responsibility for housing delivery is, what is more, currently managed by the provinces. Indeed, starting in the early 1990s, the municipalities entered a transitional period. Many municipalities encounter budget problems, notably Johannesburg that went bankrupt in 1997 and was consequently restructured and entrusted a large part of its services to municipal companies so as to separate operations and ensure healthy balance sheets. The status of local governments only became official in government documents in 1998, in the White Paper on Local Government (Department of Provincial and Local Government, 1998) and the Municipal Structures Act (1998). Throughout this period, the municipalities had ambiguous responsibilities, having to rebuild post-apartheid cities while sometimes being seen only as a level of implementation. In 2000, the Integrated Development Plans were set up to allow local authorities to plan and manage all of their activities. Thus, there is still no post-apartheid tradition of truly guiding urban development on city scale, and the metros seem to be assuming this role progressively. The authorities of Ethekwini (known under the name of Durban) are fully invested in taking on this responsibility. The city of Johannesburg shows the same determination and is putting it into practice in a still mixed manner as can be seen with the hiring of Philip Harisson, formerly a very renowned researcher, as the head of the Planning Department. This type of initiative is taking longer in some cities, and is generally compromised by electoral changes that slow planning over time. 121 A Sectoral Approach In the national logic of post-apartheid catch-up, the various sectors are clearly separate, and objectives are announced in terms of service delivery. This same sectoral division can be found on municipal scale. The municipalities’ various departments are placed in charge of delivering a certain quantity of services and find themselves confined to their numerical objectives. This search for quantitative performance does not facilitate coordination among the various sectors. The funds from national and provincial governments also come through sectoral channels. Depending on the city, the IDPs have slightly attenuated this sectoral approach but synchronization and sharing objectives are still very difficult to attain. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
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FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
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Public Policies on Housing and Urba
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Introduction At the end of aparthei
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PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
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An Urban History of South Africa: F
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1. An Urban History of South Africa
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Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
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2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
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2. Current Challenges However, desp
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2. Current Challenges Progressively
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2. Current Challenges far from the
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2. Current Challenges commutes are
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Urban Development Policies in a Uni
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3. Urban Development Policies in a
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Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115 and 116: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 119: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 127 and 128: Toward Greater Integration of Publi
Page 129 and 130: 9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
Page 141 and 142: Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
Page 143 and 144: Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
Page 145 and 146: Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
Page 147 and 148: Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
Page 149 and 150: Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
Page 151 and 152: Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
Page 153 and 154: Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
Page 155 and 156: Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
Page 157 and 158: Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
Page 159 and 160: Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
Page 161 and 162: Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
Page 163 and 164: Publications Les titres de la colle
Page 165 and 166: Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
Page 167 and 168: What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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