Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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7. Access to Housing: The Main End Goal of Urban Development Policies Thus, land management tools do not truly exist today. Some tools are in the process of being elaborated such as the Overlay Zone in the Cape Town Zoning Scheme; and the desire to develop a land strategy is present and seems to be progressively evolving. 7.2. Infrastructure and Services: A Municipal Responsibility Since the end of apartheid, the government has made it a point of honour to provide all South Africans with access to water and electricity. Considerable effort has been made, and the results are convincing even though a non-negligible segment of the population living in informal housing does not yet have access to these essential utilities. Utility delivery is one of the responsibilities assigned to the municipalities. They are in charge of installing networks and then sell, through the intermediary of municipal agencies or specialized companies, utilities to populations. What is more, most municipal revenues come from this income. 94 In regard to struggling populations, the municipalities have a duty to connect all residential zones within the municipal boundaries to the utilities networks. In order to service land, the Municipal Infrastructure Grant fund (MIG Funding) was transferred from the state to the municipalities. However, this fund only truly covers the most basic form of infrastructure: outdoor electricity lines, dirt roads, etc. This notably prevents the creation of socially diverse neighbourhoods. Indeed, obtaining higher-quality infrastructure is not part of the municipality’s mission, and one must call on the private sector. The future inhabitants pay for the infrastructure through the promoter. These infrastructure cannot therefore be produced in a continuous manner in residential zones created by the government for poor populations. Next, the municipalities must provide a minimum water 38 and electricity service for free. This policy aiming to connect the entire population to water networks has allowed considerable improvements to be made. It is nevertheless noteworthy that, in middle-class and wealthy areas, most services are provided by private companies: supplementary waste removal, road maintenance, additional security services, etc. 38. Two hundred litres of water per day per household. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
7. Access to Housing: The Main End Goal of Urban Development Policies In France, land servicing is handled by development companies that balance their financial statements by turning a profit with the sale of land. Thus, all land is serviced according to the same standards and the semi-public company (SPC) offsets its losses on land it sells at low cost (notably land destined for social housing) with the sale of office or residential land at market prices. On Reunion Island and in France’s overseas regions, some operations are mostly destined to house poor populations. In this case, the municipality or the development company receives a government subsidy called the Fonds Régional d’Aménagement Foncier Urbain (FRAFU, regional urban land development grant). An operation can receive the FRAFU if it consists of more than 60% assisted housing and if it is consistent with the objectives outlined in the Schéma d’Aménagement Régional (regional development blueprint). Next, when it comes to basic utilities (water, electricity), the households or businesses that occupy the area are in charge of paying for them. Households without incomes or with very low incomes receive financial assistance that allows them, among other things, to pay for these utilities. Thanks to these development grants and individual assistance, the equipment and common infrastructure level is the same in each neighbourhood for all inhabitants. 7.3. Public Facilities 7.3.1. Different Sectors Acting Independently Once land has been serviced, it can then be developed. Public facilities are one of the urban functions that must be handled by the government: daycares, schools, hospitals, sporting facilities, libraries, public areas, green areas, etc. Each sector intervenes in accordance with the standards established in the land regulations: depending on the number of households, a certain number of facilities are mandatory. This makes it possible to ensure equity in access to public facilities, and the financial efforts to provide public facilities are considerable. As in France, each category of facilities is managed by the department in charge of the sector concerned and at the mandated level of government. For example, hospitals and clinics are managed by the Department of Health, hospitals at the national level and clinics at the provincial level. 95 © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
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FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
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Public Policies on Housing and Urba
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Introduction At the end of aparthei
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PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
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An Urban History of South Africa: F
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1. An Urban History of South Africa
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Page 41 and 42:
Page 43 and 44: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53 and 54: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 55 and 56: 2. Current Challenges Progressively
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61 and 62: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 63 and 64: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 97 and 98: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115 and 116: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 127 and 128: Toward Greater Integration of Publi
Page 129 and 130: 9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
Page 141 and 142: Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
Page 143 and 144: Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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