Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions elects a ward councillor. Then, ten Ward Committees are elected. They make up the political level closest to the people. Each Ward Committee can represent a community of individuals (women, employers, etc.), a sector of the municipality (housing, water, transportation, etc.), or more rarely a geographic area. The Ward Committees make up the primary participation mechanism. The IDPs are, for example, discussed with the Ward Committees. These mechanisms function relatively well as a source of information but one must note that the Ward Committees have little influence on the Ward Councillor and that the Ward Councillor has no real operational power. The municipalities also implement other participation mechanisms: IDPs are often available on line and, in Cape Town, comments on the IDP can even be made on line by all inhabitants. Development projects such as Cato Manor in Durban or Alexandra in Johannesburg have specific Internet forums to allow for discussion and participation by inhabitants. The Social Movements 118 Historically, the manifestations of civil society have played an important role. The civics, which correspond to civil society associations that emerged in the townships, played a considerable role in the struggle against apartheid. However, at the end of apartheid, many of the important figures in the civics were hired by the government. There are still civics today — neighbourhood associations. The most powerful associations are social movements, fairly large associations grouping together militants around specific themes (evictions, AIDS, etc.) that have considerable protest power. Complex Implementation and Management of Urban Projects Local representation structures exist and are relatively well constituted. However, succeeding in having balanced and representative participation in the design and then implementation of urban projects is still difficult and not systematic. Numerous housing projects have been undertaken to re-house the inhabitants of various shantytowns, without in-depth consultation of the populations concerned and with waiting lists for the allocation of housing managed in an opaque manner and at different levels (provinces, municipalities, neighbourhood associations, etc.). In South Africa, it is not habitual to consider an urban project in regard to the territory concerned and populations affected. Projects are seen, rather, from the angle Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
8. The Limits of the Government’s Actions of a quantitative approach to service delivery. Some of the Peoples’ Housing Process projects managed by NGOs show, on the contrary, real involvement by communities of inhabitants. In the same way, the Alexandra Renewal Programme 50 systematically involves the Alexandra Development Forum (an organization made up of several social movements) in the discussions to represent the various communities in Alexandra. Participation in France The importance of participation in designing and conducting urban development projects is relatively recent in France. It was primarily the 2002 law on “démocratie de proximité” (“democracy close to home”) that imposed systematic participation mechanisms (meeting frequency, publication of information, etc.). These mechanisms are varied and not all actors use them in the same way: some had already been using them to ensure project appropriation, while others merely fulfil the legal obligation to inform without taking advantage of it. When it comes to projects with a social vocation, the populations are theoretically more and more consulted. In the case of projects in inhabited zones, the consultation makes it possible to foster appropriation of the project and its success but is also, in the case of struggling populations, a way to address issues that go beyond housing. For slum clearance operations (SC operations), social project management is primordial and constitutes a way of including the economic dimension of inclusion. All of the studies and interviews conducted with the households improve project relevance and allow for social monitoring throughout and after the project. 119 A Tricky Scale to Determine but also a Major Advantage The same participation-related difficulties are encountered in France and South Africa. It is difficult to determine the relevant scale and appropriate interlocutors. It is very frequent that some associations express themselves more powerfully than others, or that some populations are little represented, or even that the interests of different communities are contradictory. One of the most difficult phenomena to manage is “Not In My Back Yard” (NIMBY). This attitude often appears among certain actors, 50. See Part Three, section 9.2.1. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
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FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
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Public Policies on Housing and Urba
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Introduction At the end of aparthei
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PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
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An Urban History of South Africa: F
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1. An Urban History of South Africa
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Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
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2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
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2. Current Challenges However, desp
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2. Current Challenges Progressively
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2. Current Challenges far from the
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2. Current Challenges commutes are
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Urban Development Policies in a Uni
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3. Urban Development Policies in a
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3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 67 and 68: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115 and 116: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 117: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
Page 127 and 128: Toward Greater Integration of Publi
Page 129 and 130: 9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
Page 141 and 142: Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
Page 143 and 144: Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
Page 145 and 146: Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
Page 147 and 148: Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
Page 149 and 150: Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
Page 151 and 152: Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
Page 153 and 154: Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
Page 155 and 156: Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
Page 157 and 158: Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
Page 159 and 160: Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
Page 161 and 162: Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
Page 163 and 164: Publications Les titres de la colle
Page 165 and 166: Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
Page 167 and 168: What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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