Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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1. An Urban History of South Africa: From 1652 to the Present A Critical Urban Situation The changes to public policies between 1980 and 1994 had, however, a limited effect on the reduction of urban disparities. The most racist laws had of course been abolished, but this did not yet make it possible to right the situation: segregation and inequalities were impressive. In 1993, 66% of the black population (which itself accounted for approximately 75% of the total population) lived below the poverty line in South Africa, and more than 7 million city-dwellers lived in informal housing — either in backyards or more massively in shantytowns. 12 The situation was, thus, critical both in terms of housing for the poorest populations and in terms of urban balance. Apartheid’s human and urban record was disastrous, and the need to bring radical change to this urban development was overwhelming. However, the determination to preserve social peace did not allow for a complete overhaul, and the housing crisis demanded rapid and quantitative responses. 1.2.2. Debates on What Direction to Take 40 The negotiations between the National Party and the ANC were difficult to conclude, in part because of the reluctance of the white government to admit the end of apartheid, and ethnic divisions between the ANC and the Inkhata Freedom Party representing the Zulu electorate. Compromises had to be made between the white political powers and the black opposition. In order to take control of political power, the opposition agreed to leave economic power under the control of the white population, which limited the post-apartheid government’s ability to put pressure on the private sector. These negotiations concluded with the establishment of a new democratic regime. Apartheid was abolished in 1993. The first multi-racial elections were held in 1994 and placed Nelson Mandela at the head of the new South Africa. The new constitution was approved in 1996. On the urban issue debates took place starting in 1992 to determine how a postapartheid city could be created. These discussions brought together numerous actors, affected from near or far by the urban development and housing challenges. They raised 12. Statistics from the 1993 Race Relation Survey report. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
1. An Urban History of South Africa: From 1652 to the Present essential questions, such as: How could what the apartheid system had produced be disarmed? How could one re-advantage the populations that had been heavily disadvantaged? How could balanced city development be attained? The National Housing Forum and Choosing Free Private Property The National Housing Forum was created in 1992 to attempt to answer these questions. It was an organization bringing together different political groups, financial institutions, the private sector (especially industry and construction), unions, civics 13 and other development organizations. Within this Forum, the private sector’s interests were apparently very well represented, notably by the Urban Foundation, an association created by private investors in 1976. All of these reflections were partially influenced by international debates (conveyed notably by the World Bank) on the shape of cities and the role of the state in response to urgent housing needs. After two years of work and discussion, the National Housing Forum recommended that the South African government play the role of facilitator in a massive housing delivery programme for the poorest people. The private sector would then be in charge of conducting these housing projects, consisting of small single-family houses given away for free. The aim was to be able to meet, inexpensively for the public authorities, the needs of the largest possible number of households very rapidly. The single-family home ownership solution would ensure residential security for inhabitants that had been deprived of property rights and obliged to rent during the apartheid years. The Right to Housing: A New Constitutional Right 41 The right to housing emerged as one of the new fundamental rights in the South African constitution approved in 1996: “Everyone has the right to have access to adequate housing.” 14 13. The term “civics” designates associations representing South African civil society created under apartheid. The civics federation SANCO (South African National Civics Organisation) played a decisive role in fighting apartheid. 14. Excerpt from the South African constitution: Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, Chapter 2 – Bill of Rights, Section 26 – Housing. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
Page 1 and 2: Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
Page 3 and 4: The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
Page 5 and 6: Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
Page 7 and 8: Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
Page 9 and 10: Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
Page 11 and 12: Contents CONCLUSION ...............
Page 13 and 14: Methodology The purpose of this stu
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
Page 17 and 18: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 29 and 30: Introduction At the end of aparthei
Page 31 and 32: PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
Page 33 and 34: An Urban History of South Africa: F
Page 35 and 36: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 39: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53 and 54: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 55 and 56: 2. Current Challenges Progressively
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61 and 62: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 63 and 64: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
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Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
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7. Access to Housing: The Main End
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The Limits of the Government’s Ac
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8. The Limits of the Government’s
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Toward Greater Integration of Publi
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9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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