Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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2. Current Challenges 1.84 million in 2001 and then to 2.4 million in 2006. Thus, more and more families live in shacks (makeshift housing in shantytowns) or in backyards, and the issue of informal housing has become primordial. 2.1.5. Insecurity Crime rates are very high in South Africa, although the statistics for South Africa as a whole have been falling every year (crime fell by approximately 5% between 2006 and 2007). For instance, for the 2007/2008 financial year, crime frequency per 100,000 inhabitants was 38.6 murders, 247.3 burglaries with violence, and 75.6 rapes. 28 The feeling of insecurity is particularly strong in the former townships and dilapidated city centres, such as Johannesburg’s. Protection measures in residential areas are more and more frequent, and protected settlements and even gated communities have emerged massively. Graph 6. Public Violence 54 Number of cases reported at police stations 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Buffalo Cape Ekurhuleni eThekwini Johannesburg Mangaung Msunduzi Nelson City Town Mandela Source: State of the cities 2006. Public violence1996 Public violence 2001 Public violence 2004 2.2. Urban Landscapes and Spatial Disparities Tshwane Apartheid’s legacy of inequalities is still very present, and it is particularly interesting to see how today’s urban landscapes bear witness to this. 28. Figures taken from the South African Police Stations crime report. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
2. Current Challenges Progressively since the 1980s, and clearly since the end of apartheid, residential neighbourhoods and commercial and business districts have been opened to the entire population. This allowed a slight re-balancing of the territory, but it is often thought that economic segregation has overtaken racial segregation. 2.2.1. Dilapidation of City Centres A major change in South African cities 29 has taken place in the city centres, also called Central Business Districts (CBD). Toward the end of the 1980s, most of the white population that lived in city centres feared the massive arrival of black populations and moved to less accessible, more protected areas. Thus, the large buildings in the city centres were often abandoned by the owners and stopped being kept up. Some of these buildings were even managed by false owners who collected rents without taking care of the buildings. This evolution was particularly striking in Johannesburg. The phenomenon had even started in the 1960s when the municipality moved out of the CBD and parking was considerably restricted. 30 Numerous investors decided at that time to leave the city centre and move notably to the northern suburbs of Johannesburg, Sandton for example. This evolution was sped up by the massive arrival of non-white populations, that were relatively poor and had not been allowed to live in the cities during apartheid. In addition, the paralysis of the municipality further accentuated the desertion of the city centre by the private sector and well-off populations. 55 Indeed, immediately after apartheid, the various municipalities’ areas of administrative authority were unclear. Uncertainty reigned in local public management, and the capacity to counteract, or foster, specific types of urban development was not sufficient. Private promoters were the ones who primarily played this role and shaped the urban landscape until the 2000s. Private capital was invested to create new protected business districts and numerous shopping malls. 29. See Appendix 2: Map of South Africa’s principal urban areas. 30. The municipality wanted to build a ring road around the city centre and crisscross the centre with public transit to limit automobile use in the city. Parking spaces were eliminated but public transit was not set up as initially planned. © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
Page 1 and 2:
Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
Page 3 and 4: The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
Page 5 and 6: Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
Page 7 and 8: Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
Page 9 and 10: Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
Page 11 and 12: Contents CONCLUSION ...............
Page 13 and 14: Methodology The purpose of this stu
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
Page 17 and 18: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 29 and 30: Introduction At the end of aparthei
Page 31 and 32: PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
Page 33 and 34: An Urban History of South Africa: F
Page 35 and 36: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61 and 62: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 63 and 64: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
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7. Access to Housing: The Main End
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The Limits of the Government’s Ac
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8. The Limits of the Government’s
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Toward Greater Integration of Publi
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9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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