Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities - Agence ...

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3. Urban Development Policies in a Unique Political and Institutional Context Map 3. Provinces Source: aboutSouthAfrica.com. 66 3.3 million), Tswhane (Pretoria, pop. 2 million), Cape Town (pop. 3 million), Ekhuruleni (pop. 2.5 million), Ethekwini (Durban, pop. 3.2 million), and Nelson Mandela (Port Elizabeth, pop. 1.1 million)], Local Municipalities (Category B), and District Municipalities (Category C) that each contain several local municipalities. After apartheid, a process of merging white and black municipalities was launched. It has now been finalized and has notably led to the emergence of the metropolitan municipalities (also called Metros or Unicities), each of which covers an urban area in a uniform and coherent manner. Financial Resources Municipalities depend on the sale of water and electricity to households for more than half their revenues, on government grants for 20%, and on property taxes for 20%. Urban Development Responsibilities Since the Municipal System Act of 2000, the municipalities have been responsible for setting development objectives with the help of the available financial resources. Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities © AFD 2009
3. Urban Development Policies in a Unique Political and Institutional Context The overall strategy for all sectors makes up the Integrated Development Plan. In regard to housing, the municipalities initiate and manage projects by identifying land and operators. They then need the agreement of the province in question. Box 2. Political Management of Urban Development: A Comparison with France In France, two Ministries share responsibility for urban development: the Ministère de l’Écologie, de l’Ènergie, du Développement Durable et de l’Aménagement du territoire (MEEDDAT, ministry of ecology, energy, sustainable development and territorial planning), and the Ministère du Logement et de la Ville (ministry of housing and the city), which focuses on housing policy and the renovation of struggling settlements. The role of the national level is, like in South Africa, primarily legislative and provides national guidance. The regions and departments have distinct roles and are largely responsible for public facilities (schools, hospitals, etc.). Finally, since the decentralization in 1982/1983, the communes have had urban development responsibilities: producing the Plans Locaux d’Urbanisme (local urbanism plans), allocating construction permits, and managing development operations. There are more than 36,000 communes; many of them have grouped together to form a higher level locally: the Etablissement public de coopération intercommunale (EPCI, public inter-communal cooperation establishment). When an EPCI exists, it is in charge of elaborating a strategic planning blueprint for the entire zone — a Schéma de cohérence territoriale (SCOT, territorial coherency blueprint). 67 Structural Differences with South Africa There are two major differences with how the South African authorities tackle urban development stakes. First, South Africa does not have a national department in charge of city planning challenges. Most programmes are addressed from the angle of providing services to poor populations, notably housing for which the Department of Housing is responsible. In France, the MEEDAT plays in some sense this role of centralizing sustainable development challenges and thereby urban stakes. However, the MEEDAT does not handle housing policy and neighbourhoods classified as Zones Urbaines Sensibles (sensitive urban zones). These questions are handled by the Ministère des Villes et du Logement, which © AFD 2009 Integrating Poor Populations in South African Cities
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Integrating Poor Populations in Sou
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The author Fanny Hervé, an enginee
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Abstract In South Africa, urban dev
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Résumé En Afrique du Sud, les enj
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Contents METHODOLOGY ..............
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Contents CONCLUSION ...............
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Methodology The purpose of this stu
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD Public Policies on Housing
Page 17 and 18: Public Policies on Housing and Urba
Page 29 and 30: Introduction At the end of aparthei
Page 31 and 32: PART ONE: An Urban Context Marked b
Page 33 and 34: An Urban History of South Africa: F
Page 35 and 36: 1. An Urban History of South Africa
Page 49 and 50: Current Challenges 2 The apartheid
Page 51 and 52: 2. Current Challenges 2.1.2. The Na
Page 53 and 54: 2. Current Challenges However, desp
Page 55 and 56: 2. Current Challenges Progressively
Page 57 and 58: 2. Current Challenges far from the
Page 59 and 60: 2. Current Challenges commutes are
Page 61 and 62: Urban Development Policies in a Uni
Page 63 and 64: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 65: 3. Urban Development Policies in a
Page 69 and 70: PART TWO An Uncertain Determination
Page 71 and 72: Planning as Implemented in South Af
Page 73 and 74: 4. Planning as Implemented in South
Page 81 and 82: The Hindrances to the Effectiveness
Page 83 and 84: 5. The Hindrances to the Effectiven
Page 85 and 86: Paths Toward More Profitable Planni
Page 87 and 88: 6. Paths Toward More Profitable Pla
Page 89 and 90: PART THREE Develop Living Spaces fo
Page 91 and 92: Access to Housing: The Main End Goa
Page 93 and 94: 7. Access to Housing: The Main End
Page 113 and 114: The Limits of the Government’s Ac
Page 115 and 116: 8. The Limits of the Government’s
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8. The Limits of the Government’s
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Toward Greater Integration of Publi
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9. Toward Greater Integration of Pu
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Conclusion Nearly fifteen years ago
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Acronyms and Abbreviations ABM AFD
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Acronyms and Abbreviations RZ SACN
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Appendices Appendix 1: Interviews I
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Appendices • Claire Bénit-Gaffou
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Appendices Pretoria • Revelation
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Appendices Appendix 3: Map of Johan
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Appendices Appendix 5: Map of Ethek
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Bibliography Books DU TOIT, J., U.
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Bibliography Articles BÉNIT, C. (2
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Bibliography REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRI
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Publications Les titres de la colle
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Publications No. 23 : Libéralisati
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What is AFD? www.afd.fr Agence Fran
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