The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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109 (b) Otherwise, import markings should not be applied until after the weapons have been declared to the relevant authority at time of import and before delivery to the military or the commercial arms dealer. 2. Import marks need not be more complicated or costly than a CIP Proof Mark indicating a country code and year of import stamped on each weapon. 3. Where the original manufacturer’s marks on imported weapons are not user-friendly to the importing country (for the purposes of unique identification and/or record-keeping), the importing country should stamp such weapons with its own supplementary unique identifying markings and use these for its record-keeping (consideration should be given to the exporter bearing the cost in such cases). Marking Essential Component Parts and Spare/Replacement Parts Essential component parts should be marked to ensure they can be readily cross-referenced with the “mother weapon”. Cooperation and coordination is needed between the world’s arms manufacturers to agree on a marking system for replacement or spare parts. To avoid ambiguity or duplication, the system needs to be unique to each factory and allow identification of the manufacturer, year of manufacture and the unique serial number. (This may be more idealistic than realistic, but it is worthy of discussion). Record-Keeping Computerization must rapidly replace manual paper driven systems. Despite negotiated treaties and protocols (e.g. UN Firearms Protocol and OSCE Document), and mindful that weapons have a long shelf life, countries should be encouraged to maintain all records for an indefinite period. Electronic storage medium can easily accommodate this requirement, and facilitate rapid search and retrieval for tracing purposes. In the US, it is a statutory requirement that when commercial arms dealers go out of business, their records have to be handed over to the Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms (ATF). This common sense approach should be replicated in every country. Interoperability between national systems is also a critical area. The RCMP, for example, are working with a computer software company to develop a programme which enables different systems to “talk” to each other in the same computer language with one
110 shared encryption standard. The minimum data standards require individual records for each weapon (with similar considerations for spare or replacement parts). 1. Manufacturers • Make, Model/Type, Calibre; • Date of manufacture; • Unique identifier or serial number; • Details to identify to whom sold or transferred. 2. Manufacturing Country • Access to the manufacturer’s records or a duplicate record; and • Subsequent records detailing all transfers or transactions within the domestic market 4 and the individuals concerned until either permanently exported or destroyed. 3. Importing Country • Make, Model/Type, Calibre; • Country of manufacture and/or export; • Manufacturer’s unique identifier, and/or; • Replacement national unique identifier; • Details of additional import markings; • Date of import; • Details to identify the importer; • All subsequent transactions prior to destruction or permanent export. 4. Military Arsenals (national central agency) • Make, Model/Type, Calibre; • Unique identifier used for record-keeping; • Date commissioned; • Military unit to whom issued and date; • Date returned for re-issue/disposal/destruction; • Date decommissioned; • Details to identify to whom sold or transferred. A department within the national central agency should also take responsibility for maintaining records of all lost or stolen military small arms and light weapons, and consideration should be given to circulating these to an international database using the Interpol IWETS network.
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UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
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CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
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v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
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viii point of diversion, thus inhib
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ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
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xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
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2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
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4 First, if a weapon has been invol
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6 The UN Programme of Action includ
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8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
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10 uniquely identify each productio
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12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
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14 • increasing the resistance of
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16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
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18 component of this project is to
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20 They clarify whether a weapon is
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22 Though such systems have great p
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24 have a more prominent role to pl
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26 That said, national intelligence
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28 training and technical assistanc
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30 This highlights one of the most
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32 An international tracing mechani
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34 Some of the necessary elements a
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36 on sources and lines of supply o
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38 In promoting international assis
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40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
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42 25 This section draws on discuss
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45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
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CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
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49 tracing method for all SALW (con
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51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
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53 In order to better grasp the pro
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55 SALW include weapons of war, def
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57 The following questions should t
Page 72 and 73: 59 All of this data, while useful f
Page 74 and 75: 61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
Page 76 and 77: 63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
Page 78 and 79: 65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
Page 80 and 81: 67 explosives belts and dozens of t
Page 82 and 83: 69 This data provides an interestin
Page 84 and 85: 71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
Page 86 and 87: 73 imagine being able to effectivel
Page 88 and 89: 75 case of Switzerland, it would be
Page 90 and 91: 77 electronics in animal identifica
Page 92 and 93: 79 based our reflection on goals fo
Page 94 and 95: 81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX 1 83
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX 3 85
Page 100: 87 the army weapon is capable of au
Page 103 and 104: 90 significance, hence in general t
Page 105 and 106: 92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
Page 107 and 108: 94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
Page 109 and 110: 96 verify that the imported weapons
Page 111 and 112: 98 weapons. There are risks involve
Page 113 and 114: 100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
Page 115 and 116: 102 channels, with the protection o
Page 117 and 118: 104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
Page 119 and 120: 106 as a result, potentially tip-of
Page 121: 108 2. All markings must be made pe
Page 125 and 126: 112 Domestic record-keeping varies
Page 127 and 128: 114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
Page 129 and 130: 116 individual weapon, should as a
Page 131 and 132: 118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134: 120 With the scope of the Protocol
Page 135 and 136: 122 The South African authorities a
Page 137 and 138: 124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
Page 139 and 140: 126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
Page 141 and 142: 128 circulating information by fax
Page 143 and 144: 130 Tracing requests are normally c
Page 145 and 146: 132 encourage countries along the t
Page 147 and 148: 134 close enough to provide adequat
Page 149 and 150: 136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
Page 151 and 152: 138 which restrict the amount of in
Page 153 and 154: 140 9 It was notable during negotia
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Page 157 and 158: 144 There are other reasons as well
Page 159 and 160: 146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
Page 161 and 162: 148 This last point should not be u
Page 163 and 164: 150 the future a firearm tracing qu
Page 165 and 166: 152 There are several important ele
Page 167 and 168: 154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
Page 169 and 170: 156 accuracy and man-hour effective
Page 171 and 172: 158 industry practices. An effectiv
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160
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162 manner in national (and possibl
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164 routine stockpile management. A
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166 International regulations on th
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168 2. The definitions of weapons,
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170 enable national authorities to
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172 serial number of the firearm. T
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174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
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176 • The States parties undertak
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178 • The following is establishe
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180 International regulations on th
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182 • The participating States ag
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184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
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186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
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188 years in July 2001. In December
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190 • States must make efforts to
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192 a greater degree of harmonizati
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194 this may lead to the undesirabl
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196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
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198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
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200 in its capacity as President of
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202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
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204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
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206 Characteristics of the marking
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208 Characteristics of the marking
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210 Characteristics of the recordke
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212 Characteristics of the record-k
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214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
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216 Characteristics of the exchange
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218
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