The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, United Nations Document A/RES/55/255, 8 June 2001. 12 As discussed in M. Wéry and I. Berkol, op. cit. note 2. 13 More detailed information can be found in the associated papers from this study, particularly the papers by M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2 and F. Schütz, op. cit. note 2. See also: Canada, Marking Small Arms: An Examination of Methodologies, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, Canada, February 1999; Ilhan Berkol, Marking and Tracing Small Arms and Light Weapons: Improving Transparency and Control, GRIP Report, Groupe de Recherche et d’Information sur la Paix et la Sécurité (GRIP), Brussels, 2002. 14 About 20% of illegal handguns recovered in the UK have been the subject of sanitization efforts. M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2. 15 For example by NATO and UN forces in relation to arms flows to armed groups in the former Yugoslavia. See ibid. 16 CIP member States: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Chile, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, Russian Federation, Slovakia and the United Kingdom. 17 See, for example M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2. 18 To cite two examples, the UK uses this system, while South Africa will adopt it from January 2003. Thus, a British SA80 rifle is marked with a unique identifier such as UE 85 A000001 (U = code for country of manufacture (UK); E = British Factory Code (Enfield); 85 = year of manufacture (1985); A000001 = serial number. 19 Thus, the symbol is used to distinguish between identical weapons, marked with the same alphanumeric code, manufactured at different factories. 20 F., Schütz, op. cit. note 2. 21 See M. Wéry and I. Berkol, op. cit. note 2. 22 M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2. 23 M. Wéry and I. Berkol, op. cit. note 2; see also I. Berkol, op. cit. note 13; and O. Greene, Enhancing Traceability of Small Arms and Light Weapons Flows: developing an international marking and tracing regime, Biting the Bullet Project Briefing No. 5, Basic/International Alert/Saferworld, London, 2000. 24 These issues are discussed further, for example, in M. Wéry and I. Berkol, op. cit. note 2, and F. Schütz, op. cit. note 2. See also Report of the Group of Experts on the Problem of Ammunition and Explosives, United Nations Document A/54/155, 5 June 1999. 41
42 25 This section draws on discussions within the SAS/UNIDIR Study Group and on each of the four technical papers prepared for the SAS/UNIDIR Study Group. 26 The UK is quite typical in this respect. Although it now maintains a well-developed centralized national database on weapons held in armed forces’ inventories, it does not yet have a national database covering all firearms in private or commercial ownership. M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2. 27 G. Thomas, op. cit. note 2. 28 For an alternative view, see I. Berkol, op. cit. note 13. 29 M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2. 30 Organization of American States, General Assembly Resolution AG/ RES.1797 [XXX1-0/01], 5 June 2001. 31 http://salsa.oceanus.ca/ 32 European Community, Directive 91/4777EEC, 1991. 33 South Africa Police Service Firearms Tracing Pilot Project, quoted in M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2. 34 G. Thomas, op. cit. note 2. 35 Ibid. 36 ATF has created three regional Crime Gun Centres in Chicago, New York City and Washington DC, with a fourth due to open in 2003 in Los Angeles. 37 M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2. 38 G. Thomas, op. cit. note 2. 39 M. Hallowes, op. cit. note 2, and ibid. 40 An example is the US, where each branch of the armed services maintains its own, computerized records. Small Arms Survey, Small Arms Survey 2002, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002, p. 261. 41 The UN International Commission of Inquiry on Arms Trafficking in Rwanda, established pursuant to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1013, 7 September 1995, and reactivated in 1998 by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1161, 7 May 1998. 42 Report of the Panel of Experts on Violations of Security Council Sanctions against UNITA, in Annex 1 of United Nations Document S/ 2000/203, 10 March 2000. 43 As discussed, for example, by O. Greene, op. cit. note 22. 44 Lack of clarity about such issues provided part of the motivation for the French-Swiss initiative. 45 See also M. Wéry and I. Berkol, op. cit. note 2.
Page 1 and 2:
UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
Page 5: v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
Page 8 and 9: viii point of diversion, thus inhib
Page 11 and 12: ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
Page 13 and 14: xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
Page 15 and 16: 2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
Page 17 and 18: 4 First, if a weapon has been invol
Page 19 and 20: 6 The UN Programme of Action includ
Page 21 and 22: 8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
Page 23 and 24: 10 uniquely identify each productio
Page 25 and 26: 12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
Page 27 and 28: 14 • increasing the resistance of
Page 29 and 30: 16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
Page 31 and 32: 18 component of this project is to
Page 33 and 34: 20 They clarify whether a weapon is
Page 35 and 36: 22 Though such systems have great p
Page 37 and 38: 24 have a more prominent role to pl
Page 39 and 40: 26 That said, national intelligence
Page 41 and 42: 28 training and technical assistanc
Page 43 and 44: 30 This highlights one of the most
Page 45 and 46: 32 An international tracing mechani
Page 47 and 48: 34 Some of the necessary elements a
Page 49 and 50: 36 on sources and lines of supply o
Page 51 and 52: 38 In promoting international assis
Page 53: 40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
Page 58 and 59: 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
Page 62 and 63: 49 tracing method for all SALW (con
Page 64 and 65: 51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
Page 66 and 67: 53 In order to better grasp the pro
Page 68 and 69: 55 SALW include weapons of war, def
Page 70 and 71: 57 The following questions should t
Page 72 and 73: 59 All of this data, while useful f
Page 74 and 75: 61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
Page 76 and 77: 63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
Page 78 and 79: 65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
Page 80 and 81: 67 explosives belts and dozens of t
Page 82 and 83: 69 This data provides an interestin
Page 84 and 85: 71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
Page 86 and 87: 73 imagine being able to effectivel
Page 88 and 89: 75 case of Switzerland, it would be
Page 90 and 91: 77 electronics in animal identifica
Page 92 and 93: 79 based our reflection on goals fo
Page 94 and 95: 81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX 1 83
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX 3 85
Page 100: 87 the army weapon is capable of au
Page 103 and 104: 90 significance, hence in general t
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92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
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94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
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96 verify that the imported weapons
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98 weapons. There are risks involve
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100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
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102 channels, with the protection o
Page 117 and 118:
104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
Page 119 and 120:
106 as a result, potentially tip-of
Page 121 and 122:
108 2. All markings must be made pe
Page 123 and 124:
110 shared encryption standard. The
Page 125 and 126:
112 Domestic record-keeping varies
Page 127 and 128:
114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
Page 129 and 130:
116 individual weapon, should as a
Page 131 and 132:
118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134:
120 With the scope of the Protocol
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122 The South African authorities a
Page 137 and 138:
124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
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126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
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128 circulating information by fax
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130 Tracing requests are normally c
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132 encourage countries along the t
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134 close enough to provide adequat
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136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
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138 which restrict the amount of in
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140 9 It was notable during negotia
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142
Page 157 and 158:
144 There are other reasons as well
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146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
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148 This last point should not be u
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150 the future a firearm tracing qu
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152 There are several important ele
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154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
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156 accuracy and man-hour effective
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158 industry practices. An effectiv
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160
Page 175 and 176:
162 manner in national (and possibl
Page 177 and 178:
164 routine stockpile management. A
Page 179 and 180:
166 International regulations on th
Page 181 and 182:
168 2. The definitions of weapons,
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170 enable national authorities to
Page 185 and 186:
172 serial number of the firearm. T
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174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
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176 • The States parties undertak
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178 • The following is establishe
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180 International regulations on th
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182 • The participating States ag
Page 197 and 198:
184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
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186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
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188 years in July 2001. In December
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190 • States must make efforts to
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192 a greater degree of harmonizati
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194 this may lead to the undesirabl
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196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
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198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
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200 in its capacity as President of
Page 215 and 216:
202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
Page 217 and 218:
204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
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206 Characteristics of the marking
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208 Characteristics of the marking
Page 223 and 224:
210 Characteristics of the recordke
Page 225 and 226:
212 Characteristics of the record-k
Page 227 and 228:
214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
Page 229 and 230:
216 Characteristics of the exchange
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218
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