The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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viii point of diversion, thus inhibiting illicit diversion for fear of subsequent exposure. Whilst in theory such a measure may appear obvious, in practice it is far from trivial. Thousands upon thousands of weapons have to be so marked—and in such a way that the marks cannot be readily erased. More importantly, appropriate databases have to be maintained and access to those databases has to balance the need for information-sharing with concerns about commercial confidentiality. Different languages and different manufacturing traditions further complicate the whole process. Despite these technical and practical obstacles, following the 2001 United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in all its Aspects, the United Nations established a Group of Governmental Experts on Tracing Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons, and the governments of France and Switzerland began a consultative process to prepare for future negotiations for an international instrument on tracing and marking of small arms and light weapons. In order to assist these international efforts, the Small Arms Survey and UNIDIR undertook a technical study on the scope and implications of a tracing mechanism for small arms and light weapons. The results of this technical study are contained in this report. We are immensely grateful to the contributing authors: Ilhan Berkol, Owen Greene, Michael Hallowes, Frédéric Schütz, Gary Thomas and Michel Wéry, for their dedication and intellectual contributions to the study. Our gratitude goes to the governments of France and Switzerland for funding the study and to key individuals within the governments for their commitment and substantive contributions to the work. We thank Ambassador Rakesh Sood of India and Chair of the UN Expert group for his time and participation in discussions along with Nadia Fischer, Olivier Guerot, René Haug and Stefano Toscano. It must be said however that the opinions expressed in the papers are those of the authors and the authors alone. Special thanks go also to our colleagues on the management team— Peter Batchelor and Christophe Carle—and to Glenn McDonald and Nicolas Florquin for their hard work in reading and editing and getting this
ix book into shape. Nicolas Gérard, Anita Blétry and Steve Tulliu took this book through to production and Isabelle Roger and Delphine Zinner carried out all the complicated administrative work. We hope that this study will make a significant contribution to the literature on this topic and, more importantly, will have a tangible impact on reducing the number of illegal small arms and light weapons that are being used against innocent civilians in bloody wars all over the world. It is now up to governments to take this issue forward and make real what is demonstrably feasible. Keith Krause Small Arms Survey Patricia Lewis UNIDIR Geneva December 2002
Page 1 and 2: UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
Page 5: v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
Page 11 and 12: ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
Page 13 and 14: xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
Page 15 and 16: 2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
Page 17 and 18: 4 First, if a weapon has been invol
Page 19 and 20: 6 The UN Programme of Action includ
Page 21 and 22: 8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
Page 23 and 24: 10 uniquely identify each productio
Page 25 and 26: 12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
Page 27 and 28: 14 • increasing the resistance of
Page 29 and 30: 16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
Page 31 and 32: 18 component of this project is to
Page 33 and 34: 20 They clarify whether a weapon is
Page 35 and 36: 22 Though such systems have great p
Page 37 and 38: 24 have a more prominent role to pl
Page 39 and 40: 26 That said, national intelligence
Page 41 and 42: 28 training and technical assistanc
Page 43 and 44: 30 This highlights one of the most
Page 45 and 46: 32 An international tracing mechani
Page 47 and 48: 34 Some of the necessary elements a
Page 49 and 50: 36 on sources and lines of supply o
Page 51 and 52: 38 In promoting international assis
Page 53 and 54: 40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
Page 55 and 56: 42 25 This section draws on discuss
Page 58 and 59:
45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
Page 60 and 61:
CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
Page 62 and 63:
49 tracing method for all SALW (con
Page 64 and 65:
51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
Page 66 and 67:
53 In order to better grasp the pro
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55 SALW include weapons of war, def
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57 The following questions should t
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59 All of this data, while useful f
Page 74 and 75:
61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
Page 76 and 77:
63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
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65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
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67 explosives belts and dozens of t
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69 This data provides an interestin
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71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
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73 imagine being able to effectivel
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75 case of Switzerland, it would be
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77 electronics in animal identifica
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79 based our reflection on goals fo
Page 94 and 95:
81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
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APPENDIX 1 83
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APPENDIX 3 85
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87 the army weapon is capable of au
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90 significance, hence in general t
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92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
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94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
Page 109 and 110:
96 verify that the imported weapons
Page 111 and 112:
98 weapons. There are risks involve
Page 113 and 114:
100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
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102 channels, with the protection o
Page 117 and 118:
104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
Page 119 and 120:
106 as a result, potentially tip-of
Page 121 and 122:
108 2. All markings must be made pe
Page 123 and 124:
110 shared encryption standard. The
Page 125 and 126:
112 Domestic record-keeping varies
Page 127 and 128:
114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
Page 129 and 130:
116 individual weapon, should as a
Page 131 and 132:
118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134:
120 With the scope of the Protocol
Page 135 and 136:
122 The South African authorities a
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124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
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126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
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128 circulating information by fax
Page 143 and 144:
130 Tracing requests are normally c
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132 encourage countries along the t
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134 close enough to provide adequat
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136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
Page 151 and 152:
138 which restrict the amount of in
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140 9 It was notable during negotia
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142
Page 157 and 158:
144 There are other reasons as well
Page 159 and 160:
146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
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148 This last point should not be u
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150 the future a firearm tracing qu
Page 165 and 166:
152 There are several important ele
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154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
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156 accuracy and man-hour effective
Page 171 and 172:
158 industry practices. An effectiv
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160
Page 175 and 176:
162 manner in national (and possibl
Page 177 and 178:
164 routine stockpile management. A
Page 179 and 180:
166 International regulations on th
Page 181 and 182:
168 2. The definitions of weapons,
Page 183 and 184:
170 enable national authorities to
Page 185 and 186:
172 serial number of the firearm. T
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174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
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176 • The States parties undertak
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178 • The following is establishe
Page 193 and 194:
180 International regulations on th
Page 195 and 196:
182 • The participating States ag
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184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
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186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
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188 years in July 2001. In December
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190 • States must make efforts to
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192 a greater degree of harmonizati
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194 this may lead to the undesirabl
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196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
Page 211 and 212:
198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
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200 in its capacity as President of
Page 215 and 216:
202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
Page 217 and 218:
204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
Page 219 and 220:
206 Characteristics of the marking
Page 221 and 222:
208 Characteristics of the marking
Page 223 and 224:
210 Characteristics of the recordke
Page 225 and 226:
212 Characteristics of the record-k
Page 227 and 228:
214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
Page 229 and 230:
216 Characteristics of the exchange
Page 231:
218
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