The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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13 Regional Agreements The three regional agreements discussed in section 1.2.3 have similar provisions for marking. As in the UN Firearms Protocol, Article VI of the OAS Convention requires marking at the time of manufacture and import. Moreover, it requires, in addition to firearms, that “any other weapon or destructive device such as any explosive, incendiary or gas bomb, grenade, rocket launcher, missile, missile system or mine should be marked appropriately at the time of manufacture, if possible” (Article VI, paragraph 2). The marking obligations of the SADC Protocol are quite similar to those of the UN Firearms protocol, though the number and location of marks are specified in greater detail. “States Parties undertake to establish agreed systems to ensure that all firearms are marked with a unique number, at the time of manufacture or import, on the barrel, frame and, where applicable, the slide” (Article 9.1). The OSCE Document goes beyond the marking requirements of the UN Firearms Protocol, specifying that marks at the time of manufacture should permit identification of the year of manufacture. Along the same lines as the UN Programme of Action, OSCE States also committed themselves to ensure that “should any unmarked small arms be discovered in the course of the routine management of their current stockpiles, they will destroy them, or if those small arms are brought into service or exported, that they will mark them beforehand with an identifying mark unique to each small arm” (Section II, B.2). The UN Programme of Action and the UN Firearms Protocol, taken together, establish a set of global minimum standards for the marking of SALW. However, these fall short of what is increasingly recognized as good practice. For example, the use of geometric symbols in identification marks—in addition to alphanumerics—makes international identification of such weapons and tracing cooperation more difficult. 22 Some of the regional obligations noted above could usefully be adopted globally, including a commitment to destroy or appropriately mark any inadequately marked arms found in existing stockpiles. 23 Other opportunities for improved international standards on marking exist in the following areas:
14 • increasing the resistance of marks to attempts at sanitization, for example through the use of multiple marks or covert secondary marking techniques; • developing requirements to uniquely mark key parts and components; • developing requirements to uniquely mark other types of weapons within the category of SALW beyond small arms and firearms, including light weapons such as missiles and launchers; • requiring marking for ammunition and explosives (as is at least encouraged in the OAS Convention). These are all areas where it is possible to identify and encourage good practice. To cite just one example, the use of chemical marking agents in plastic explosives, described earlier, could be explored for purposes of marking ammunition and explosives generally. 24 1.4 RECORD-KEEPING 1.4.1 Introduction Ensuring adequate, unique, marking of SALW is of little value unless measures are also taken to ensure that adequate and accessible records are systematically maintained for each marked weapon, that record such key elements of its history as production, distribution, resale and transfer. Weapons traces are largely conducted by referring to such records and associated databases. 25 1.4.2 Existing Record-Keeping Practices Record-keeping systems for SALW vary enormously across the world, depending on national traditions, laws and government structures. In most countries, records are quite decentralized. Databases concerning military weapons destined for export or held by the armed forces are generally maintained separately from those relating to civilians. Much of the data needed to identify manufactured arms, components or ammunition is held by manufacturers, while commercial dealers hold information on distribution and resale. Data relating to the international transfer of SALW will mostly be held by customs or border control authorities, national arms transfer licensing authorities, and by the various exporters and importers involved.
Page 1 and 2: UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
Page 5: v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
Page 8 and 9: viii point of diversion, thus inhib
Page 11 and 12: ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
Page 13 and 14: xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
Page 15 and 16: 2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
Page 17 and 18: 4 First, if a weapon has been invol
Page 19 and 20: 6 The UN Programme of Action includ
Page 21 and 22: 8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
Page 23 and 24: 10 uniquely identify each productio
Page 25: 12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
Page 29 and 30: 16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
Page 31 and 32: 18 component of this project is to
Page 33 and 34: 20 They clarify whether a weapon is
Page 35 and 36: 22 Though such systems have great p
Page 37 and 38: 24 have a more prominent role to pl
Page 39 and 40: 26 That said, national intelligence
Page 41 and 42: 28 training and technical assistanc
Page 43 and 44: 30 This highlights one of the most
Page 45 and 46: 32 An international tracing mechani
Page 47 and 48: 34 Some of the necessary elements a
Page 49 and 50: 36 on sources and lines of supply o
Page 51 and 52: 38 In promoting international assis
Page 53 and 54: 40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
Page 55 and 56: 42 25 This section draws on discuss
Page 58 and 59: 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
Page 62 and 63: 49 tracing method for all SALW (con
Page 64 and 65: 51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
Page 66 and 67: 53 In order to better grasp the pro
Page 68 and 69: 55 SALW include weapons of war, def
Page 70 and 71: 57 The following questions should t
Page 72 and 73: 59 All of this data, while useful f
Page 74 and 75: 61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
Page 76 and 77:
63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
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65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
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67 explosives belts and dozens of t
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69 This data provides an interestin
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71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
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73 imagine being able to effectivel
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75 case of Switzerland, it would be
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77 electronics in animal identifica
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79 based our reflection on goals fo
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81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
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APPENDIX 1 83
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APPENDIX 3 85
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87 the army weapon is capable of au
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90 significance, hence in general t
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92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
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94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
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96 verify that the imported weapons
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98 weapons. There are risks involve
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100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
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102 channels, with the protection o
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104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
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106 as a result, potentially tip-of
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108 2. All markings must be made pe
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110 shared encryption standard. The
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112 Domestic record-keeping varies
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114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
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116 individual weapon, should as a
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118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
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120 With the scope of the Protocol
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122 The South African authorities a
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124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
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126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
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128 circulating information by fax
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130 Tracing requests are normally c
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132 encourage countries along the t
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134 close enough to provide adequat
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136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
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138 which restrict the amount of in
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140 9 It was notable during negotia
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142
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144 There are other reasons as well
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146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
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148 This last point should not be u
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150 the future a firearm tracing qu
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152 There are several important ele
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154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
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156 accuracy and man-hour effective
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158 industry practices. An effectiv
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160
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162 manner in national (and possibl
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164 routine stockpile management. A
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166 International regulations on th
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168 2. The definitions of weapons,
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170 enable national authorities to
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172 serial number of the firearm. T
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174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
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176 • The States parties undertak
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178 • The following is establishe
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180 International regulations on th
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182 • The participating States ag
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184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
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186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
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188 years in July 2001. In December
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190 • States must make efforts to
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192 a greater degree of harmonizati
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194 this may lead to the undesirabl
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196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
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198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
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200 in its capacity as President of
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202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
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204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
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206 Characteristics of the marking
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208 Characteristics of the marking
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210 Characteristics of the recordke
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212 Characteristics of the record-k
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214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
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216 Characteristics of the exchange
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218
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