The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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127 agencies. Access to systems, such as IWETS, is limited to police agencies accredited with Interpol who meet specific law enforcement or criminal justice criteria. Similarly, access to the FASTRACS system behind SALSA will be via encrypted Internet channels and restricted to authorized agencies, which will be issued with individual User Names and Passwords. It is questionable, therefore, whether access to such systems would be provided direct to NGOs. In the first instance, the application may have to come from the local police agency with which the NGOs are working in partnership. In addition, many countries have legislation prohibiting access to personal data unless to specific law enforcement or criminal justice agencies. 3.7 STORAGE MEDIUMS Computerization is essential. Manually trawling through paper records involves a disproportionate cost in man-hours to the point where it has become prohibitively expensive for law enforcement agencies to undertake. It is essential that data storage systems are designed with rapid search and retrieval features to facilitate subsequent tracing requests. It must be remembered that tracing weapons on behalf of law enforcement agencies is not the core business of arms manufacturers and, therefore, introducing automated systems that reduce the burden on their staff responding to tracing requests must be seen as an advantage. Good practice involves storage of imagery together with descriptive detail. One sample photograph can be used for each batch of identical make and model weapons together with a list of the individual markings for each weapon recorded in that batch. Imagery should be shared with law enforcement agencies to ensure that reference systems are kept up to date. For example, the RCMP FRT should be updated with all new designs and model changes for civilian and military weapons to maintain the integrity of the system. 3.8 MODALITIES FOR COMMUNICATING INFORMATION AND OPERATING A TRACING MECHANISM Interpol utilizes two systems for communicating information: Orange Notices and IWETS. Orange Notices are the traditional method of
128 circulating information by fax and email to all NCBs (see below 14 ). These are used where a particular methodology has been identified involving an illicit manufacturer or trafficker and NCBs are requested to check whether identical weapons from the identified source have been recovered within their jurisdiction. Interpol Orange Notice—Operation Abonar (UK 1997-99)—used to trace a particular model of the MAC10 submachine gun illicitly manufactured in the UK in the late 1990’s and trafficked throughout Europe. The weapon incorporated a unique design for the breech bolt, which provided the hallmark signature on which to focus the search. Using the Orange Notice, police in Ireland, Netherlands and Cyprus were able to link recovered weapons to the British police investigation. IWETS is accessible to all NCBs, to exchange digital imagery together with descriptive text to facilitate tracing requests for recovered firearms. The RCMP, ATF and the Netherlands National Police Agency are currently developing an upgrade to the system. Law enforcement officers submit a tracing request to their NCB where staff transcribe the information sought on to IWETS (as shown below 15 ) and then choose to which countries the request should be sent to for their individual record-keeping systems to be searched.
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UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
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CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
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v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
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viii point of diversion, thus inhib
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ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
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xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
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2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
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4 First, if a weapon has been invol
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6 The UN Programme of Action includ
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8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
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10 uniquely identify each productio
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12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
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14 • increasing the resistance of
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16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
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18 component of this project is to
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20 They clarify whether a weapon is
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22 Though such systems have great p
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24 have a more prominent role to pl
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26 That said, national intelligence
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28 training and technical assistanc
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30 This highlights one of the most
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32 An international tracing mechani
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34 Some of the necessary elements a
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36 on sources and lines of supply o
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38 In promoting international assis
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40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
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42 25 This section draws on discuss
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45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
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CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
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49 tracing method for all SALW (con
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51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
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53 In order to better grasp the pro
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55 SALW include weapons of war, def
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57 The following questions should t
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59 All of this data, while useful f
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61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
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63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
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65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
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67 explosives belts and dozens of t
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69 This data provides an interestin
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71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
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73 imagine being able to effectivel
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75 case of Switzerland, it would be
Page 90 and 91: 77 electronics in animal identifica
Page 92 and 93: 79 based our reflection on goals fo
Page 94 and 95: 81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
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Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX 3 85
Page 100: 87 the army weapon is capable of au
Page 103 and 104: 90 significance, hence in general t
Page 105 and 106: 92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
Page 107 and 108: 94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
Page 109 and 110: 96 verify that the imported weapons
Page 111 and 112: 98 weapons. There are risks involve
Page 113 and 114: 100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
Page 115 and 116: 102 channels, with the protection o
Page 117 and 118: 104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
Page 119 and 120: 106 as a result, potentially tip-of
Page 121 and 122: 108 2. All markings must be made pe
Page 123 and 124: 110 shared encryption standard. The
Page 125 and 126: 112 Domestic record-keeping varies
Page 127 and 128: 114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
Page 129 and 130: 116 individual weapon, should as a
Page 131 and 132: 118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134: 120 With the scope of the Protocol
Page 135 and 136: 122 The South African authorities a
Page 137 and 138: 124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
Page 139: 126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
Page 143 and 144: 130 Tracing requests are normally c
Page 145 and 146: 132 encourage countries along the t
Page 147 and 148: 134 close enough to provide adequat
Page 149 and 150: 136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
Page 151 and 152: 138 which restrict the amount of in
Page 153 and 154: 140 9 It was notable during negotia
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Page 157 and 158: 144 There are other reasons as well
Page 159 and 160: 146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
Page 161 and 162: 148 This last point should not be u
Page 163 and 164: 150 the future a firearm tracing qu
Page 165 and 166: 152 There are several important ele
Page 167 and 168: 154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
Page 169 and 170: 156 accuracy and man-hour effective
Page 171 and 172: 158 industry practices. An effectiv
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Page 175 and 176: 162 manner in national (and possibl
Page 177 and 178: 164 routine stockpile management. A
Page 179 and 180: 166 International regulations on th
Page 181 and 182: 168 2. The definitions of weapons,
Page 183 and 184: 170 enable national authorities to
Page 185 and 186: 172 serial number of the firearm. T
Page 187 and 188: 174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
Page 189 and 190: 176 • The States parties undertak
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178 • The following is establishe
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180 International regulations on th
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182 • The participating States ag
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184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
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186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
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188 years in July 2001. In December
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190 • States must make efforts to
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192 a greater degree of harmonizati
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194 this may lead to the undesirabl
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196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
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198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
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200 in its capacity as President of
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202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
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204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
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206 Characteristics of the marking
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208 Characteristics of the marking
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210 Characteristics of the recordke
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212 Characteristics of the record-k
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214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
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216 Characteristics of the exchange
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218
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