The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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37 sharing at sub-regional, regional and international levels should be encouraged and supported. Possibilities for strengthening international standards in marking and record-keeping could be explored during preparations for the establishment of the international tracing mechanism. For example, it may be possible to agree on extending the minimum periods during which records should be maintained, or to develop broad norms for marking ammunition, parts and components, and explosives. Clearer undertakings on the marking of unmarked or inadequately marked weapons in official stockpiles may also be within easy reach. If agreements on such matters could be readily achieved, they could form part of the future international tracing mechanism. Otherwise, they could be considered at meetings of the parties following the establishment of the mechanism, with guidelines for good practice or new standards included as technical annexes to the mechanism. Beyond this, an international consultative or advisory body could be established to provide technical advice to assist efforts to improve national marking, record-keeping and tracing systems. 49 Such a body might consist of technical experts from around the world, prepared to advise on techniques and emerging best practices relating to such key issues as: the marking of parts and components, ammunition and explosives; the placing and organization of marks; techniques for covert secondary marking and other processes to safeguard against efforts to sanitize marks; the design and implementation of computerized record-keeping systems, including Webbased systems; and systems for the reliable identification and communication of marks for tracing purposes. 1.6.3.3 Promoting International Assistance The UN Programme of Action and the UN Firearms Protocol both include undertakings to encourage international assistance to promote effective implementation of these instruments. However, the mechanisms and programmes for providing such assistance remain unspecified. There are many possible sources of technical and financial assistance, and there are advantages to retaining flexibility. Nevertheless, it may be useful to establish some specific international measures or programmes to facilitate assistance.
38 In promoting international assistance, two key challenges are to match needs with available resources, and to ensure appropriate coordination and information-sharing. Experience shows that this does not happen automatically. One possibility would be to establish clearing-house mechanisms, so that potential recipients can more easily identify available resources and vice versa. Another option is to establish international resource centres, where relevant authorities can go to obtain specialist advice or resources relating to marking, record-keeping and tracing. In practice, an effective international tracing mechanism would probably be associated with a number of international, regional and national resource centres, such as those in southern Africa, the Americas, and Europe, discussed in sections 1.4 and 1.5 above. 1.6.4 The Implications of an International Tracing Mechanism for Illicit SALW The technical studies for the UNIDIR/SAS Study Group, together with this overview paper, have sought to describe and clarify existing practices and standards relating to marking, record-keeping and tracing, and to explore the possible scope and contents of an international mechanism (or mechanisms) for tracing illicit SALW. It is clear that there are many challenges to ensuring effective systems for marking, record-keeping and tracing, and also important opportunities to develop and strengthen them. In general, the main obstacles are not technological. Advanced and effective techniques for marking and record-keeping are available and there is experience in using them. The challenge for all States is to ensure that decisions are taken and resources allocated so as to ensure effective and consistent marking, record-keeping and tracing at the national, regional and international levels. As we have seen, important international and regional norms and standards have been agreed in recent years—in the UN Programme of Action and the UN Firearms Protocol, and in such regional agreements as those of the OAS, OSCE and SADC. An international mechanism for tracing illicit SALW would build on these—specifically in the context of the UN Programme follow-up—to enable and facilitate international tracing cooperation. An international tracing mechanism would be no panacea. The small arms problem is exceedingly complex and requires measures going far beyond weapons tracing. Yet, tracing is a key component of these efforts.
Page 1 and 2: UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
Page 5: v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
Page 8 and 9: viii point of diversion, thus inhib
Page 11 and 12: ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
Page 13 and 14: xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
Page 15 and 16: 2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
Page 17 and 18: 4 First, if a weapon has been invol
Page 19 and 20: 6 The UN Programme of Action includ
Page 21 and 22: 8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
Page 23 and 24: 10 uniquely identify each productio
Page 25 and 26: 12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
Page 27 and 28: 14 • increasing the resistance of
Page 29 and 30: 16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
Page 31 and 32: 18 component of this project is to
Page 33 and 34: 20 They clarify whether a weapon is
Page 35 and 36: 22 Though such systems have great p
Page 37 and 38: 24 have a more prominent role to pl
Page 39 and 40: 26 That said, national intelligence
Page 41 and 42: 28 training and technical assistanc
Page 43 and 44: 30 This highlights one of the most
Page 45 and 46: 32 An international tracing mechani
Page 47 and 48: 34 Some of the necessary elements a
Page 49: 36 on sources and lines of supply o
Page 53 and 54: 40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
Page 55 and 56: 42 25 This section draws on discuss
Page 58 and 59: 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
Page 62 and 63: 49 tracing method for all SALW (con
Page 64 and 65: 51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
Page 66 and 67: 53 In order to better grasp the pro
Page 68 and 69: 55 SALW include weapons of war, def
Page 70 and 71: 57 The following questions should t
Page 72 and 73: 59 All of this data, while useful f
Page 74 and 75: 61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
Page 76 and 77: 63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
Page 78 and 79: 65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
Page 80 and 81: 67 explosives belts and dozens of t
Page 82 and 83: 69 This data provides an interestin
Page 84 and 85: 71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
Page 86 and 87: 73 imagine being able to effectivel
Page 88 and 89: 75 case of Switzerland, it would be
Page 90 and 91: 77 electronics in animal identifica
Page 92 and 93: 79 based our reflection on goals fo
Page 94 and 95: 81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX 1 83
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX 3 85
Page 100:
87 the army weapon is capable of au
Page 103 and 104:
90 significance, hence in general t
Page 105 and 106:
92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
Page 107 and 108:
94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
Page 109 and 110:
96 verify that the imported weapons
Page 111 and 112:
98 weapons. There are risks involve
Page 113 and 114:
100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
Page 115 and 116:
102 channels, with the protection o
Page 117 and 118:
104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
Page 119 and 120:
106 as a result, potentially tip-of
Page 121 and 122:
108 2. All markings must be made pe
Page 123 and 124:
110 shared encryption standard. The
Page 125 and 126:
112 Domestic record-keeping varies
Page 127 and 128:
114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
Page 129 and 130:
116 individual weapon, should as a
Page 131 and 132:
118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134:
120 With the scope of the Protocol
Page 135 and 136:
122 The South African authorities a
Page 137 and 138:
124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
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126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
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128 circulating information by fax
Page 143 and 144:
130 Tracing requests are normally c
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132 encourage countries along the t
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134 close enough to provide adequat
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136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
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138 which restrict the amount of in
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140 9 It was notable during negotia
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142
Page 157 and 158:
144 There are other reasons as well
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146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
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148 This last point should not be u
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150 the future a firearm tracing qu
Page 165 and 166:
152 There are several important ele
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154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
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156 accuracy and man-hour effective
Page 171 and 172:
158 industry practices. An effectiv
Page 173 and 174:
160
Page 175 and 176:
162 manner in national (and possibl
Page 177 and 178:
164 routine stockpile management. A
Page 179 and 180:
166 International regulations on th
Page 181 and 182:
168 2. The definitions of weapons,
Page 183 and 184:
170 enable national authorities to
Page 185 and 186:
172 serial number of the firearm. T
Page 187 and 188:
174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
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176 • The States parties undertak
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178 • The following is establishe
Page 193 and 194:
180 International regulations on th
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182 • The participating States ag
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184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
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186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
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188 years in July 2001. In December
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190 • States must make efforts to
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192 a greater degree of harmonizati
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194 this may lead to the undesirabl
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196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
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198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
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200 in its capacity as President of
Page 215 and 216:
202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
Page 217 and 218:
204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
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206 Characteristics of the marking
Page 221 and 222:
208 Characteristics of the marking
Page 223 and 224:
210 Characteristics of the recordke
Page 225 and 226:
212 Characteristics of the record-k
Page 227 and 228:
214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
Page 229 and 230:
216 Characteristics of the exchange
Page 231:
218
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