The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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169 • Classic marking has the advantage of being easy to read, but it is also easily obliterated. In order to counter this problem, all newly manufactured weapons also have an “adequate security” marking, the contents of which can be read by specialized institutions when the classical marking has been erased. This security marking is indelible or very difficult to erase, 28 and is produced by means of a technique that is simple and inexpensive. 29 • All ammunition of the same batch and all explosives of the same batch have a marking that mentions a unique batch number; 30 • Firearms, ammunition and explosives that do not meet the above standards are declared illicit. All illicit weapons are destroyed, as foreseen in the OSCE Document. The Vienna Protocol • During the manufacturing process, all concerned firearms are tagged with: (i) either a unique marking, which includes a unique serial number, the country or place of manufacture and the name of the manufacturer, (ii) or any alternative unique and user-friendly marking with simple geometric symbols 31 in combination with a code permitting all States to easily identify the country of manufacture (Article 8.1.a). • On each imported weapon, the following is applied: (i) a simple marking permitting the identification of the country of import, and, if possible, the year of import. This principle is however not applicable to temporary imports (Article 8.1.b); (ii) a unique marking if the firearm does not bear such a marking; • When State stockpiles are transferred to the civilian market, an appropriate and unique marking is applied that permits the identification of the transferring country (Article 8.1.c); • States encourage the arms industry to develop measures against the removal or alteration of markings (Article 8.2.). The UN Programme of Action • Each State ensures that licensed manufacturers undertake, during the manufacturing process, to reliably mark all small arms permitting the identification of the country of manufacture. The marking must also
170 enable national authorities to identify the serial number and the manufacturer, so that each weapon can be traced (Article II.7.); 32 • Each State furthermore ensures that it prevents the manufacture, stockpiling, transfer and possession of firearms that do not bear adequate marking (Article II.8.); • States are encouraged to exchange information on their marking systems (Article III.12.). The Plastic Explosives Convention 33 • All newly manufactured explosives covered by this Convention must be marked by each State, by means of detecting agents described in the technical Annex (Articles 1 and 2). This marking aims to permit the detection of the presence of explosives, and not their tracing; • Explosives manufactured prior to the entry into force of the Convention cannot be held, displaced and transferred unless under the strict and effective control of the States—in order to prevent their being used for purposes not in conformity with the objective of prevention of terrorism (Articles 3 and 4.1.). Those explosives still existing 15 years following the entry into force of the Convention must be destroyed, consumed or marked (Article 4.3.); • All stockpiles of explosives not belonging to police or security forces are to be destroyed, consumed or marked within a three-year period (Article 4.2.); • In collaboration with the States parties and the relevant international organizations, the Council will take the appropriate measures to provide technical assistance and to exchange information relating to marking and detection techniques of explosives (Article 9.). International regulations on the transport of dangerous goods • All packaging containing ammunition and explosives shall be marked in a legible and durable manner. In the case of containers, the elements of the contents must also be marked; • These markings notably comprise the following data: a unique serial number, the State issuing the certificate authorizing the transport, the firm requesting the certificate, the year, and the weight of the packaging; • In accordance with the recommendations of the UN, controls must be undertaken by a party outside the firm, notably concerning the
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UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
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CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
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v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
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viii point of diversion, thus inhib
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ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
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xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
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2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
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4 First, if a weapon has been invol
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6 The UN Programme of Action includ
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8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
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10 uniquely identify each productio
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12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
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14 • increasing the resistance of
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16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
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18 component of this project is to
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20 They clarify whether a weapon is
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22 Though such systems have great p
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24 have a more prominent role to pl
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26 That said, national intelligence
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28 training and technical assistanc
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30 This highlights one of the most
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32 An international tracing mechani
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34 Some of the necessary elements a
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36 on sources and lines of supply o
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38 In promoting international assis
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40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
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42 25 This section draws on discuss
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45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
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CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
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49 tracing method for all SALW (con
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51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
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53 In order to better grasp the pro
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55 SALW include weapons of war, def
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57 The following questions should t
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59 All of this data, while useful f
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61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
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63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
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65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
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67 explosives belts and dozens of t
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69 This data provides an interestin
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71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
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73 imagine being able to effectivel
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75 case of Switzerland, it would be
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77 electronics in animal identifica
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79 based our reflection on goals fo
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81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
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APPENDIX 1 83
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APPENDIX 3 85
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87 the army weapon is capable of au
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90 significance, hence in general t
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92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
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94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
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96 verify that the imported weapons
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98 weapons. There are risks involve
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100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
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102 channels, with the protection o
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104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
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106 as a result, potentially tip-of
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108 2. All markings must be made pe
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110 shared encryption standard. The
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112 Domestic record-keeping varies
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114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
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116 individual weapon, should as a
Page 131 and 132: 118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134: 120 With the scope of the Protocol
Page 135 and 136: 122 The South African authorities a
Page 137 and 138: 124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
Page 139 and 140: 126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
Page 141 and 142: 128 circulating information by fax
Page 143 and 144: 130 Tracing requests are normally c
Page 145 and 146: 132 encourage countries along the t
Page 147 and 148: 134 close enough to provide adequat
Page 149 and 150: 136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
Page 151 and 152: 138 which restrict the amount of in
Page 153 and 154: 140 9 It was notable during negotia
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Page 157 and 158: 144 There are other reasons as well
Page 159 and 160: 146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
Page 161 and 162: 148 This last point should not be u
Page 163 and 164: 150 the future a firearm tracing qu
Page 165 and 166: 152 There are several important ele
Page 167 and 168: 154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
Page 169 and 170: 156 accuracy and man-hour effective
Page 171 and 172: 158 industry practices. An effectiv
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Page 175 and 176: 162 manner in national (and possibl
Page 177 and 178: 164 routine stockpile management. A
Page 179 and 180: 166 International regulations on th
Page 181: 168 2. The definitions of weapons,
Page 185 and 186: 172 serial number of the firearm. T
Page 187 and 188: 174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
Page 189 and 190: 176 • The States parties undertak
Page 191 and 192: 178 • The following is establishe
Page 193 and 194: 180 International regulations on th
Page 195 and 196: 182 • The participating States ag
Page 197 and 198: 184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
Page 199 and 200: 186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
Page 201 and 202: 188 years in July 2001. In December
Page 203 and 204: 190 • States must make efforts to
Page 205 and 206: 192 a greater degree of harmonizati
Page 207 and 208: 194 this may lead to the undesirabl
Page 209 and 210: 196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
Page 211 and 212: 198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
Page 213 and 214: 200 in its capacity as President of
Page 215 and 216: 202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
Page 217 and 218: 204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
Page 219 and 220: 206 Characteristics of the marking
Page 221 and 222: 208 Characteristics of the marking
Page 223 and 224: 210 Characteristics of the recordke
Page 225 and 226: 212 Characteristics of the record-k
Page 227 and 228: 214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
Page 229 and 230: 216 Characteristics of the exchange
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