The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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79 based our reflection on goals for the tracing process—the PT and the PGT, each of which requires the application of more or less technical and innovative solutions. Better management of the registers kept by law enforcement bodies and national and international cooperation should in turn allow the flow of information to be better managed in order to provide a clearer picture of the criminal element and to facilitate the exchange of information. Each State should contribute to obtaining a certain degree of transparency regarding weapons, at both the national (for example, Switzerland and its federal pluralism) and the international levels. The adoption of uniform marking should facilitate the exchange of data and allow law enforcement agents to optimize the various tracing operations. As for marking, other States could borrow from the Swiss experience and the different prototypes that have been developed and presented. The second step consists in agreeing on the marking content and method with a view to harmonizing the practices of the various manufacturers. The same reasoning can be applied to the problem of registration. Here it is important to recall the few points that require an effort in order to form a better picture of the global tracing process: • redefinition of weapons from a technical point of view, and adoption of precise terminology that avoids over-generalization; • development of a tracing system for particular weapons (tanks, missile launchers, etc.); • encouragement of States to cooperate with one another and with arms manufacturers and technical experts; • analysis of the available data in order to provide a clearer picture of the weapons involved in armed conflict and crime; • identification of the weapons to be traced; this operation will also enable the perpetrators to be identified; • use of the experiences of other countries as inspiration to develop and make operational a global tracing process; • a centralized organ is apparently difficult to conceive of; each State must therefore be able to carry out trace operations at the national level.
80 In conclusion, let us recall that the rapid and efficient processing of information determines the success of police action. This is why it is important to establish a tracing mechanism that allows all these requirements to be satisfied. In this context, the development of new software enabling extrinsic (forensic intelligence) elements to be taken into account would take too much time. In the PGT context, collecting and analyzing existing data should allow tracing operations to be improved considerably. For this reason the development of study programmes that allow the data currently present in the various national registers to be identified and analysed is strongly encouraged. A study to this effect is currently being carried out in Switzerland. Notes 1 K. Kramer, Legal Controls on Small Arms and Light Weapons in Southeast Asia, Occasional Paper No. 3, Small Arms Survey and Nonviolence International Southeast Asia, 2001. 2 A. Gallusser, M. Bonfanti and F. Schütz, L’expertise des armes à feu et des éléments de munitions dans l'investigation criminelle, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002. 3 Le Petit Larousse illustré, dictionnaire de la langue française, Larousse, Bordas, Paris, France, 1998. 4 The World Forum on the Future of Sport Shooting Activities, Defining “Small Arms” as they Pertain to “Firearms” for the 2001 UN Conference on Small Arms, Workshop, London, United Kingdom, 2001. 5 Ibid. 6 K. Kramer, op. cit. note 1. 7 P. George, “Analyse criminelle : recherche d’une logique derrière la criminalité”, Politeia (1), pp. 19-25, 1996. 8 J.P. Greco, Pattern Crimes—Firearms Trafficking Enforcement Techniques, US Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1998. 9 L. Axon and S. Moyer, Etude exploratoire de l’utilisation d'armes à feu dans la perpétration d'infractions criminelles à Toronto, Ministère de la Justice du Canada, 1994.
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UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
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CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
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v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
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viii point of diversion, thus inhib
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ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
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xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
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2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
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4 First, if a weapon has been invol
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6 The UN Programme of Action includ
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8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
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10 uniquely identify each productio
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12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
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14 • increasing the resistance of
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16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
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18 component of this project is to
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20 They clarify whether a weapon is
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22 Though such systems have great p
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24 have a more prominent role to pl
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26 That said, national intelligence
Page 41 and 42: 28 training and technical assistanc
Page 43 and 44: 30 This highlights one of the most
Page 45 and 46: 32 An international tracing mechani
Page 47 and 48: 34 Some of the necessary elements a
Page 49 and 50: 36 on sources and lines of supply o
Page 51 and 52: 38 In promoting international assis
Page 53 and 54: 40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
Page 55 and 56: 42 25 This section draws on discuss
Page 58 and 59: 45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
Page 60 and 61: CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
Page 62 and 63: 49 tracing method for all SALW (con
Page 64 and 65: 51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
Page 66 and 67: 53 In order to better grasp the pro
Page 68 and 69: 55 SALW include weapons of war, def
Page 70 and 71: 57 The following questions should t
Page 72 and 73: 59 All of this data, while useful f
Page 74 and 75: 61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
Page 76 and 77: 63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
Page 78 and 79: 65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
Page 80 and 81: 67 explosives belts and dozens of t
Page 82 and 83: 69 This data provides an interestin
Page 84 and 85: 71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
Page 86 and 87: 73 imagine being able to effectivel
Page 88 and 89: 75 case of Switzerland, it would be
Page 90 and 91: 77 electronics in animal identifica
Page 94 and 95: 81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
Page 96 and 97: APPENDIX 1 83
Page 98 and 99: APPENDIX 3 85
Page 100: 87 the army weapon is capable of au
Page 103 and 104: 90 significance, hence in general t
Page 105 and 106: 92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
Page 107 and 108: 94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
Page 109 and 110: 96 verify that the imported weapons
Page 111 and 112: 98 weapons. There are risks involve
Page 113 and 114: 100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
Page 115 and 116: 102 channels, with the protection o
Page 117 and 118: 104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
Page 119 and 120: 106 as a result, potentially tip-of
Page 121 and 122: 108 2. All markings must be made pe
Page 123 and 124: 110 shared encryption standard. The
Page 125 and 126: 112 Domestic record-keeping varies
Page 127 and 128: 114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
Page 129 and 130: 116 individual weapon, should as a
Page 131 and 132: 118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134: 120 With the scope of the Protocol
Page 135 and 136: 122 The South African authorities a
Page 137 and 138: 124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
Page 139 and 140: 126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
Page 141 and 142: 128 circulating information by fax
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130 Tracing requests are normally c
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132 encourage countries along the t
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134 close enough to provide adequat
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136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
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138 which restrict the amount of in
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140 9 It was notable during negotia
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142
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144 There are other reasons as well
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146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
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148 This last point should not be u
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150 the future a firearm tracing qu
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152 There are several important ele
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154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
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156 accuracy and man-hour effective
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158 industry practices. An effectiv
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160
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162 manner in national (and possibl
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164 routine stockpile management. A
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166 International regulations on th
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168 2. The definitions of weapons,
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170 enable national authorities to
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172 serial number of the firearm. T
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174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
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176 • The States parties undertak
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178 • The following is establishe
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180 International regulations on th
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182 • The participating States ag
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184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
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186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
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188 years in July 2001. In December
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190 • States must make efforts to
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192 a greater degree of harmonizati
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194 this may lead to the undesirabl
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196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
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198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
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200 in its capacity as President of
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202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
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204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
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206 Characteristics of the marking
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208 Characteristics of the marking
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210 Characteristics of the recordke
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212 Characteristics of the record-k
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214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
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216 Characteristics of the exchange
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218
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