The Scope and Implications of a Tracing Mechanism for Small Arms ...

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171 legibility and durability of the marking and its content, at least once a year. The manufacturers may choose the verifying body, and in the EU, there is at least one organization in each country. In addition, manufacturers must systematically carry out internal controls. The OAS Convention • Newly manufactured firearms must be marked with the name of the manufacturer, the place of manufacture and the serial number (Article VI.1.a); • Imported firearms must be marked to permit the identification of the name and address of the importer (Article VI.1.b.); • Firearms that have been confiscated and retained for official use must be marked appropriately (Article VI.1.c); • Explosives and rocket launchers should, if possible, must be marked at time of manufacture (Article VI.2.). The SADC Protocol • States parties undertake to establish common systems to ensure that all firearms are marked with a unique number, at the time of manufacture or import, on the barrel, frame, and, where applicable, the slide (Article 9.1.); • This marking shall identify the country of manufacture, the serial number and the manufacturer of the firearm (Article 9.2.). The OSCE Document • It is incumbent on each participating State to determine the exact nature of the marking system for small arms manufactured or in use on its territory (Article II.2.B.1.). However, the States simultaneously endeavour to develop standards, principles and measures concerning appropriate marking (as well as durable and precise registration) in international fora (Article I.2.); • The participating States agree to ensure that all small arms manufactured on their territory after 30 June 2001 are marked so as to enable individual small arms to be traced. The marking should contain information that allows the investigating authorities to determine at least the year and country of manufacture, the manufacturer and the
172 serial number of the firearm. This information provides an identifying mark specific to each small arm (Article II.2.B.1.); • All such marks should be permanent and placed on the firearm at the site of manufacture (Article II.2.B.1.); • The participating States will not allow any transfer of unmarked small arms. Moreover, they will only transfer or re-transfer small arms bearing a unique marking (Article III.B.7.); • The participating States ensure, as far as possible and within their competence, that all small arms manufactured under their authority outside their territory are marked to the same standard (Article II.2.B.1.); • Should unmarked firearms be discovered in the course of routine management of existing stockpiles, the participating States will destroy them, or, if these weapons are brought into service or exported, they will mark them beforehand with an identifying mark specific to each small arm (Article II.2.B.2.); • The participating States agree to conduct before 30 June 2001 an exchange of information on their national marking systems used in the manufacture and/or importation, and they will update this information to reflect any change in their national marking systems (Article II.2.D.1.). Comparison: 1. Contents of the information marked during the manufacturing process: most of the mechanisms explicitly foresee a unique serial number, country and manufacturer identifiers. The OSCE Document is the only one to also foresee an indication of the year of manufacture. The mention of the year is nevertheless crucial to be able to differentiate weapons manufactured before the entry into force of the mechanism from those manufactured subsequently, and which come therefore within the provisions of its application; 2. Standards for marking imported firearms: the Vienna Protocol and the OAS Convention both foresee marking upon import; the former simply mentions the importing State and the year, while the second permits the precise identification of the importer. These markings, and in particular the simple marking that clearly indicates the country of import, greatly facilitate the stages of the tracing operation by permitting one to read directly on the firearm the countries into which it has previously been imported. An investigator can then simply turn
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UNIDIR/2002/20 The Scope and Implic
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CONTENTS Page Preface. . . . . . .
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v Chapter 4 Structures and Institut
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viii point of diversion, thus inhib
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ACRONYMS ATFUS BATF BPA CFR CFR CIC
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xiii VIN WFSA WIES WR Vehicle Ident
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2 and lines of supply of illicit SA
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4 First, if a weapon has been invol
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6 The UN Programme of Action includ
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8 1.3 MARKING 1.3.1 Introduction A
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10 uniquely identify each productio
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12 • Ensure, at the time of trans
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14 • increasing the resistance of
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16 The UN Firearms Protocol, in its
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18 component of this project is to
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20 They clarify whether a weapon is
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22 Though such systems have great p
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24 have a more prominent role to pl
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26 That said, national intelligence
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28 training and technical assistanc
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30 This highlights one of the most
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32 An international tracing mechani
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34 Some of the necessary elements a
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36 on sources and lines of supply o
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38 In promoting international assis
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40 3 Programme of Action to Prevent
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42 25 This section draws on discuss
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45 BIBLIOGRAPHY Berkol, Ilhan, Mark
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CHAPTER 2 WHAT TO MARK AND WHAT TO
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49 tracing method for all SALW (con
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51 Figure 2: : The different sub-ca
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53 In order to better grasp the pro
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55 SALW include weapons of war, def
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57 The following questions should t
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59 All of this data, while useful f
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61 2.5 WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR IN
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63 traced, but which ones? Precisel
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65 Table 1: Firearms recovered in c
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67 explosives belts and dozens of t
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69 This data provides an interestin
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71 weapons belonging to illicit cir
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73 imagine being able to effectivel
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75 case of Switzerland, it would be
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77 electronics in animal identifica
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79 based our reflection on goals fo
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81 10 Small Arms Survey, Annuaire s
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APPENDIX 1 83
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APPENDIX 3 85
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87 the army weapon is capable of au
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90 significance, hence in general t
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92 3.1.2 Sanitization Removal or ob
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94 Chinese Type 56-1 Unique Identif
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96 verify that the imported weapons
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98 weapons. There are risks involve
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100 China Type 56 Russia AK47 Russi
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102 channels, with the protection o
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104 3.1.9 Comments Countries seekin
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106 as a result, potentially tip-of
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108 2. All markings must be made pe
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110 shared encryption standard. The
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112 Domestic record-keeping varies
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114 Nevertheless, whilst the Wassen
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116 individual weapon, should as a
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118 • “Consolidation”—4 x 2
Page 133 and 134: 120 With the scope of the Protocol
Page 135 and 136: 122 The South African authorities a
Page 137 and 138: 124 • (Tracing) Details of all st
Page 139 and 140: 126 tracing Chinese weapons. Conseq
Page 141 and 142: 128 circulating information by fax
Page 143 and 144: 130 Tracing requests are normally c
Page 145 and 146: 132 encourage countries along the t
Page 147 and 148: 134 close enough to provide adequat
Page 149 and 150: 136 3. If Interpol is not up to the
Page 151 and 152: 138 which restrict the amount of in
Page 153 and 154: 140 9 It was notable during negotia
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Page 157 and 158: 144 There are other reasons as well
Page 159 and 160: 146 Laws Firearms are a durable com
Page 161 and 162: 148 This last point should not be u
Page 163 and 164: 150 the future a firearm tracing qu
Page 165 and 166: 152 There are several important ele
Page 167 and 168: 154 Canada, nearly all transfers re
Page 169 and 170: 156 accuracy and man-hour effective
Page 171 and 172: 158 industry practices. An effectiv
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Page 175 and 176: 162 manner in national (and possibl
Page 177 and 178: 164 routine stockpile management. A
Page 179 and 180: 166 International regulations on th
Page 181 and 182: 168 2. The definitions of weapons,
Page 183: 170 enable national authorities to
Page 187 and 188: 174 9. Explosives: the recommendati
Page 189 and 190: 176 • The States parties undertak
Page 191 and 192: 178 • The following is establishe
Page 193 and 194: 180 International regulations on th
Page 195 and 196: 182 • The participating States ag
Page 197 and 198: 184 The Convention on Plastic Explo
Page 199 and 200: 186 5.3.1 European Joint Action The
Page 201 and 202: 188 years in July 2001. In December
Page 203 and 204: 190 • States must make efforts to
Page 205 and 206: 192 a greater degree of harmonizati
Page 207 and 208: 194 this may lead to the undesirabl
Page 209 and 210: 196 28 Or at least difficult or imp
Page 211 and 212: 198 49 Speech by Mr. Koffi Adjouman
Page 213 and 214: 200 in its capacity as President of
Page 215 and 216: 202 Table 1: Scope of the Seven Pri
Page 217 and 218: 204 Table 1 (continued) Characteris
Page 219 and 220: 206 Characteristics of the marking
Page 221 and 222: 208 Characteristics of the marking
Page 223 and 224: 210 Characteristics of the recordke
Page 225 and 226: 212 Characteristics of the record-k
Page 227 and 228: 214 Table 4: Comparison of the Stan
Page 229 and 230: 216 Characteristics of the exchange
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