Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 105 Monetary policy The policy adopted by a government and/or a country's central bank (e.g. Federal Reserve in the USA and the Bank of England) with respect to money supply and interest rates in order to control inflation rate and employment. Monopolistic competition Monopolistic competition exists in a market when there are many sellers and yet because of customer loyalty for example through brand loyalty, they have some influence over prices. They are therefore able to make some supernormal profits. This is in contrast to firms operating under pure competition when they are all price takers or to a firm operating as a monopoly or price setter. Monopoly (see under Monopolistic competition) Monopsony A market situation where there is only one buyer. For example, in a country with a comprehensive national health service, the market for drugs is essentially monopsonistic. In contrast, a monopolistic market has a single supplier. With both monopolies and monopsonies, competition is imperfect and allocative efficiency is rare. Monotonically related Two variables are monotonically related if an increase in value in one variable leads to an increase or stabilization in the value of the other and vice versa. A monotonically increasing (decreasing) sequence is one in which the next value is always greater (smaller) than the previous value. Monte Carlo simulation A method for random sampling from defined probability distributions. Monte Carlo sampling is widely used for simulating physical systems such as queues, spatial distributions and drug responses. The method is also used for numerical integration, generally of complex functions which cannot be handled analytically.
106 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine Moral hazard Moral hazard refers to the risk, faced by the insurer, of increased consumption of insured services by the insured because of the reduction in out-ofpocket price. More generally, a moral hazard exists whenever one party to a contract is able to use asymmetric information in a manner which adversely affects the other party. For example, a doctor may overtreat a patient to obtain a higher fee or a pharmacist may sell more drugs than a patient requires. Morgenstern, Oskar (see von Neumann, John) MOS 36-item short-form (see SF-36) Multicolinearity Multicolinearity is a problem which arises in the estimation of coefficients of a statistical model when the predictor variables are correlated. The regression coefficients are unstable in the presence of multicolinearity (i.e. small changes in the values of the predictor variables lead to large changes in the estimated coefficients) and are hence not reliable.
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Page 66 and 67: Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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