Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 137 Quality standards (see Standards of quality) Quantal response data Quantal response data are dose-response data for which the response is an all-or-nothing phenomenon (e.g. dead or not, cured or not, impaired or not, etc.). An alternative term is quantal assay data. For example, in the testing of an antibiotic, we may administer different doses to several groups of people and observe how many people develop diarrhoea in each group, thus providing us with quantal data (Morgan BJ (1992) Analysis of quantal response data. Chapman and Hall, London). Quasi-private goods (see under Public goods)
R Randomized clinical trial (see under Clinical trial) Randomized consent design (see under Post-randomization consent design) RCT (see under Clinical trial) Reactance theory Reactance theory was put forward to explain why people often do the opposite to what they have been asked to do. The theory suggests that people believe they have a set of free behaviours in which they can engage. Any threat to these generates a reaction aimed at preserving the threatened free behaviours. The individual demonstrates an intensity of reactance, which is in proportion to the magnitude of the perceived threat, the number of free behaviours being threatened and the value placed on the intensity of the reactance on them. Reactance theory has been used to explain non-compliance to prescribed treatment regimens (Fogarty JS (1997) Reactance theory and patient noncompliance. Social Science and Medicine. 45: 1277-88. Brehm JW (1966) A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press, New York). Read codes The Read codes are a clinical classification system being developed by the UK Department of Health for computerizing medical records and, in particular, general practice data. The intention is to produce comprehensive information about individual patients so that clinical decisions can be better informed. The data should also allow better audit of health needs and hence better targeting of health care resources (DoH (1990) New classification will streamline computerized medical records. DoH, London. Smith N, Wilson A, Weekes T (1995) Use of Read codes in development of a standard
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
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G Game theory Game theory, first de
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I ICD (see International Classifica
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Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
Page 170: Z Z variate A random variable which
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