Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 49 Year Stage Activity 1 2 3 Activity screening High throughput screening Enzyme system: receptor binding; reporter gene Rational drug design 4 5 6 Pre-clinical testing Animal toxicity testing 7 8 Phase I studies Human studies in healthy volunteers (-100 subjects) Identification of obvious toxicity and safety problems Pharmacological profiling 9 10 11 Phase II studies Human studies in patients (-500 subjects) Pilot efficacy studies Dose-finding studies 12 13 Phase III studies Human studies in patients (-2000 patients) Pivotal efficacy studies 14 Drug registration Drug licence application 14 Product launch Drug marketing 14 Phase IV studies Post-marketing surveillance Yellow card scheme Formal studies 14+ Post-marketing development New formulations Trials for new indications 20+ Downregulation Application to make products available for self-medication Figure 6 Drug development
E Ecological fallacy This term is used to describe a spurious association due to inferring relationships at the individual level from associations between variables at the population level (Robinson WS (1950) Ecological correlations and the behaviour of individuals. American Sociological Reviews. 15: 351-7). Ecological study An ecological study is one in which data are collected and correlated at the population level rather than at the level of the individual. The unit of observation in an ecological study is a group of people such as a school, a factory, a city or a nation. An example of an ecological study is the study of the relationship between average sales of beta-agonist inhalers and deaths using data from different countries over the same time interval. Such ecological studies can also be undertaken on the same population at different times. (The) Economic problem The problem of allocating scarce resources to meet competing ends is sometimes referred to as the economic problem or the fundamental economic problem. It can be argued that, without scarcity, there is no need for economics as a discipline. Edgeworth box The Edgeworth box is a graphical method for describing concepts such as (i) interrelations between two markets; (ii) mutual gains and trade-offs; (iii) Pareto efficiency. Figure 7 shows an Edgeworth box illustrating the concept of Pareto efficiency. The south-west and north-east corners of the box provide the point of reference co-ordinates for subjects 1 and 2 respectively. The north-west and south-east corners refer to the maximum amount of goods 1 and 2 (i.e. Ql and Q2) to be traded. The subjects have their own indifference
Page 2 and 3:
Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 4 and 5: Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7: A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
Page 8 and 9: Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 12 and 13: Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
Page 14 and 15: B Balanced design In an experiment,
Page 66 and 67: Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
u Unique value effect This term is
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170:
Z Z variate A random variable which
show all

Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?