Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 73 fit), S(t) and X(t) are approximated as follows: f(t) = n \ where n 1 is the number of deaths or failures in the interval (N)(At) beginning at time t n S(t) = — where n 2 is the number of patients surviving longer than t N where n, is the number of patients surviving at time t. Health action zones Health action zones are a new initiative proposed in the UK government's 1998 White Paper The New NHS to bring together organizations with an interest in health care to develop and implement locally approved strategies for improving the local delivery of health. Health authorities Health authorities are bodies within the UK National Health Service, set up to manage health care delivery for a specific geographical area. They allocate health care funds and hold those receiving such funds to account. Health maintenance organization (see under Managed care) Health-related quality of life (see Quality of life) Health technology assessment reports These are commissioned reports funded by the UK Department of Health under its NHS Health Technology Assessment Programme and coordinated by the National Co-ordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment (http://www.soton.ac.uk/~wi/hta/htapubs.html). Healthy cohort bias (see Bias and Healthy user bias)
74 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine Healthy user bias This is the bias which can be introduced in observational studies when one of the groups being compared consists of healthier subjects than the other(s). For example, in a number of reported observational studies of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the subjects in the HRT group appeared to have been healthier than the control group thereby possibly leading to erroneous protective effects being reported. Such a bias could be introduced by doctors, for example only prescribing HRT to healthy patients because of perceived contraindications to HRT such as the presence of cardiovascular disease (Grodstein F, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA et al. (1997) Postmenopausal therapy and mortality. New England Journal of Medicine. 336: 1769-75). Healthy year equivalent (HYE) Treatment may increase survival without necessarily improving the quality of life. Indeed, in certain instances, such as treatment with some chemotherapeutic regimens and surgical interventions in early prostatic cancer, treatment may in fact increase morbidity. How to decide on the best treatment is therefore difficult and there is a need to take account of patients' preferences or utilities. The HYE associated with an intervention is the gain in life-years adjusted to take account of patients' preferences measured using a two-stage lottery approach (Mehrez A, Garni A (1989) Quality-adjusted life years, utility theory and healthy years equivalent. Medical Decision Making. 9: 141-9). While the HYE overcomes the need for assuming utility functions of the same form for all individuals and is consistent with the efficiency criterion of economic theory, it is not yet widely accepted. To date, the QALY is the favoured outcome measure of gain in cost utility analyses (Culyer AJ, Wagstaff A (1993) QALYs and HYEs. Journal of Health Economics. 11: 311-23). HEAPACT HEAPACT is an electronic link between UK health authorities and the Prescription Pricing Authority which allows the former to download computerized data about the prescribing of general practices in their areas. With HEAPACT, health authorities can obtain information about the prescribing of specific drugs in sufficient detail to, for example, identify how new drugs are being taken up by various practices (Majeed A, Evans N, Head P (1997) What can PACT tell us about prescribing in general practice BMJ. 315: 1515-19).
Page 2 and 3:
Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 4 and 5:
Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7:
A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
Page 8 and 9:
Page 10 and 11:
Page 12 and 13:
Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
Page 14 and 15:
B Balanced design In an experiment,
Page 16 and 17:
Page 18 and 19:
Page 20 and 21:
Page 22 and 23:
Page 24 and 25:
Page 26 and 27:
Page 28 and 29: Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
Page 66 and 67: Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
u Unique value effect This term is
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170:
Z Z variate A random variable which
show all

Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?