Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 25 is to construct a summary statistic for each cluster (school) and then analyse these summary values (Bland JM, Kerry SM (1997) Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ. 315: 600. Kerry SM, Bland JM (1997) Analysis of a trial randomised in clusters. BMJ. 316: 54). Cluster sampling In cluster sampling members of the population to be sampled are first arranged into groups or clusters. The clusters are sampled and those selected are subsampled. Such cluster sampling is often multistaged. A recent study is illustrative. The investigators wanted to draw a sample of 12-17-year-olds from the Community Health Index (a listing of names and addresses of people registered with general practitioners within their health board). The sampling frame consisted of all postcode sectors. Thirty sectors were sampled. These sectors were stratified according to district and Carstairs score (a measure of affluence or deprivation within an area) and a sample of 40 people aged 12-17 years inclusive was drawn from each using a random procedure stratified by age and sex (Hughes K, McKintosh AM, Hastings G et al. (1997) Young people, alcohol and designer drinks: quantitative and qualitative study. BMJ. 314: 44-8). CMA (see Cost minimization analysis) Cochrane, Archie (1909-88) A visionary Scottish physician whose criticism of the medical profession for not organizing 'a critical summary, by specialty or subspecialty, adapted periodically, of all relevant randomized trials' to guide practice acted as a catalyst for the establishment of the Cochrane Collaboration (see Cochrane A, Blythe M (1989) One man's medicine. An autobiography of Professor Archie Cochrane. BMA, London). Cochrane Collaboration A collaborative network focusing on undertaking and making accessible systematic up-to-date reviews of randomized controlled trials of health care. The collaboration is named after Archie Cochrane, a Scottish physician. Initial funding was provided by the UK Department of Health to set up the UK Cochrane Centre but the collaboration is now international with a number of national and regional centres co-ordinating the work of collaborative review groups and networks within their regions. The main
26 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine output of the collaboration is the Cochrane Library, which includes a regularly updated compilation of systematic reviews. Further information may be obtained from their website (see also Chalmers I, Altaian DG (1995) Systematic reviews. BMJ Publishing, London). Cochrane Library The Cochrane Library is a quarterly publication (disk/CD-ROM) produced by the Cochrane Collaboration. It contains four databases: (i) the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; (ii) the York Database of Reviews of Effectiveness (DARE); (iii) the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register; (iv) the Cochrane Review Methodology Database (CRMD). For further information, contact http://www.cochrane.co.uk. Coefficient of variation The coefficient of variation (CV) is a measure of residual variation of a set of data expressed as a percentage of the mean. It is defined as follows: Mean where SD is the standard deviation, estimated by the square root of the mean square error. where x v x 2 ,...x n are the n sample observations and xis the sample mean. Cognitive continuum The cognitive continuum is a theoretical representation of cognitive processing. At one end of the spectrum is highly intuitive thinking and at the other end highly analytical thinking. In between is a mixture of both intuitive and analytical thinking which is characteristic of most of everyday cognitive processing (Figure 3) (Hammond KR, McClelland G, Mumpower J (1980) Human judgment and decision making: theories, methods and procedures. Praeger Scientific, New York).
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Page 4 and 5: Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7: A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
Page 12 and 13: Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
Page 14 and 15: B Balanced design In an experiment,
Page 66 and 67: Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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I ICD (see International Classifica
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K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
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M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
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N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
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o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
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Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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