Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 31 the conference to determine what information is needed and to assess written material. Recent conferences have considered subjects such as breast cancer screening (Fletcher SW (1997) Whither scientific deliberation in health policy deliberations New England Journal of Medicine. 336: 1180-3). CONSORT statement A statement on the quality of reporting of clinical trials, prepared by a group of journal editors and clinical trialists (see under Clinical trials). The recommendations are shown below. Title Abstract Identify the study as a randomized trial Use a structured abstract Method Protocol Describe: (i) planned study population and inclusion and exclusion criteria (ii) planned interventions and their timing (iii) primary and secondary outcome measures and the minimum important difference and indicate how the target sample size was projected (iv) rationale and methods for statistical analyses, detailing main comparative analyses and whether they were completed on an intention-to-treat basis (v) prospectively defined stopping rules, if warranted. Assignment Describe: (i) unit of randomization cluster, geographic) (e.g. individual, (ii) method used to generate allocation schedule (iii) method of allocation concealment and timing of assignment (iv) method to separate the generator from the executor of assignment.
32 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine Masking (blinding) Describe: (i) mechanism (e.g. capsules, tablets) (ii) similarity of treatment characteristics (e.g. appearance, taste) (iii) allocation schedule control (location of code during trial and when broken) (iv) evidence for successful blinding among participants, persons doing intervention, outcome assessors, and data analysts. Results Participants Provide a trial profile (Figure 4) summarizing participant flow and number and timing of randomization assignment, intervention followup measurements for each randomized group. Analysis (i) State estimated effect of intervention on primary and secondary outcome measures, including point estimates and measures of precision (confidence interval). (ii) State results in absolute numbers when feasible (e.g. 10/20, not 50%). (iii) Present summary data and appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics in sufficient detail to permit alternative analyses and replication. (iv) Describe prognostic variables by treatment group and any attempt to adjust for them. (v) Describe protocol violations from the study as planned, together with the reasons. Discussion (i) State specific interpretation of study findings, including sources of bias and imprecision (internal validity) and discussion of external validity, including appropriate quantitative measures when possible. (ii) State general interpretation of the data in light of totality of the available evidence.
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Page 4 and 5: Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7: A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
Page 12 and 13: Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
Page 14 and 15: B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
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I ICD (see International Classifica
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
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M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
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N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
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o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
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Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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