Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine) Odds ratio The odds of an outcome (e.g. adverse reaction following exposure to a drug) is the ratio of the probability of the outcome occurring to the probability of it not occurring. If the odds (O) of an event occurring following exposure to drug A is (Oa) and the odds of the same event occurring following exposure to drug B is (Ob), the ratio of the two odds (Oa/Ob) is known as the odds ratio (OR). In the above example, an odds ratio of, say, 5 means that the odds of having the event in question following exposure to drug A is five times that following exposure to drug B. Table 5 Contingency table showing a hypothetical set of outcomes following treatment of two groups of 100 patients each with two treatments A and B Treatment A Treatment B Event present 15 5 Event absent 85 95 Total events 100 100 The odds of the event happening with treatment A = 15/85 and with treatment B = 5/95. The odds ratio of the event happening with treatment A relative to treatment B = (15/85 divided by 5/95) = 2.68. The risk of the event happening with treatment A = 15/100 and with treatment B = 5/100. The risk ratio of event occurring with treatment A relative to B = (15/100 divided by 5/100) = 3. The risk difference for the event happening with the two treatments being compared = (15/100 - 5/100) = 0.1. The number needed to treat = I/risk difference = 10.
12 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine OECD The Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an organization of developed nations which produces a range of economic, including health care, statistics about member countries as part of its collaborative research and development programme. Office of Health Economics This is a pharmaceutical industry-funded organization based in London, UK. It produces a range of publications on health care economics and one of its most recent ventures is the publication of a health economics evaluation database (HEED). The database is updated monthly and is available on CD-ROM (http://www.abpi.org.uk/ohe/htm). Office of National Statistics (ONS) The Office of National Statistics (1 Drummond Gate, London SWIV 2QQ) was formed in 1996 from the merger of the Central Statistical Office (CSO) and the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS), both of which were part of the UK Government Statistical Service. In addition to taking over all the functions of the CSO and OPCS, the ONS provides labour market statistics, a role previously undertaken by the Department of Employment. The ONS compiles data on the population's demographics, economic and health trends, financial statistics, industrial output and retail prices, among others. The ONS also undertakes an annual General Household Survey although this may well be discontinued following a current review. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys (OPCS) was part of the Government Statistical Service and was responsible for conducting the national census. In 1996, the OPCS merged with the Central Statistical Office to form the Office of National Statistics. Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) The US OTA has as remit the evaluation of technology in its broadest sense, including health technology (http://www.wws.princeton.edu:80/ ~ota/).
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
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Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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