Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 139 data set. BMJ. 311: 313 -15. Information Management Group (1993) A national thesaurus of clinical terms in Read codes. HMSO, London. Information Management Group (1993) What are Read codes HMSO, London. Information Management Group (1993) Read codes and the terms project: a brief guide. NHS Management Executive, London). The future of the Read codes has recently been called into question as a result of a critical report (February 1998) by the UK National Audit Office. The report has called for an urgent independent evaluation into whether further investment would be justified and whether the codes were usable in a clinical environment. Table 6 Structure of the Read codes Preferred term: diabetes mellitus Synonym: sugar diabetes Abbreviation: DM Cross-referencing Read Clinical term (30 and 60 character term shown) B200 Diabetes mellitus B200I Diabetes mellitus with no complications B2003 Diabetes mellitus with neuropathy B2003 Diabetes mellitus with nephropathy B2004 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus B2005 Non-insulin dependent diabetes B2006 Malnutrition-related diabetes mellitus ICD-9 250 250-0 250-3 250-5 250 250 250 ICD-IO EIO-EI4 EI3 EI3 EI3 EIO Ell EI2 Recall bias (see under Bias) Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve The ROC curve is a plot of the values for the sensitivity of a diagnostic test against the corresponding (1-specificity) values. Such curves are useful for examining the discriminatory ability of markers of disease or of diagnostic tests. A major problem with ROC curves is that they lead investigators to choose cut-offs which arbitrarily classify patients as diseased or not and hence do not allow subsequent workers to choose alternative cut-offs under different circumstances, such as greater limitation of resources (Swets JA, Pickett RM (1992) Evaluation of diagnostic systems: methods from signal detection theory. Academic Press, New York).
140 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine Recognition lag The recognition lag is the time it takes for policy and decision makers to recognize that a policy change is necessary (see Impact lag and Implementation lag). Reference pricing Reference pricing refers to the use of a reference drug from a particular therapeutic class to calculate the reimbursement to be made for any drug belonging to that category dispensed by third parties. Such schemes are usually adopted by prescription pricing agencies to control drug costs. Therefore the reference drug is usually the cheapest in the category concerned unless a case can be made for the use of a more expensive alternative based on cost-effectiveness analysis. Relative income hypothesis The relative income hypothesis (see also Absolute income hypothesis) postulates that the distribution of income in a society affects the individual's risk of mortality (Gravelle H (1998) How much of the relation between population mortality and unequal distribution of income is a statistical artifact BMJ. 316: 382-5). Relative price effect The relative price effect is the change in the unit cost of a governmentprovided good or service relative to the general price level. Relative risk (see under Risk) Relative risk reduction (see under Risk reduction and Risk) Residual error The residual error is the difference between an observed value and the value predicted by a statistical model. For example, consider a linear regression model of the form y = ax + b, where x is the predictor variable, y is the response variable and a and b are constants. If a set of y values are observed at different x values, the coefficients a and b can be estimated from the paired x and y values. For any new x value, we can obtain a
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
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G Game theory Game theory, first de
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I ICD (see International Classifica
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Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
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Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
Page 170: Z Z variate A random variable which
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