Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 33 Figure 4 CONSORT statement: CONSORT trial profile (Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S et al. (1996) Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials: the CONSORT statement. Journal of the American Medical Association. 276: 637-9). Construct A construct is a variable constructed through informed scientific theory. Such a variable is abstract and latent rather than concrete and observable.
34 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine Nearly all theories in psychology refer to constructs rather than to specific behaviours (Nunnally JC, Bernstein IH (1994) Psychometric theory. 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York). Anxiety and intelligence are examples of constructs. We cannot measure these directly but have to use surrogate measures such as the intelligence quotient (IQ) test, with all the associated problems of validity which such an approach brings about. Consumer surplus Consumer surplus refers to the difference between what a consumer actually pays for a good or service and the most that he or she would be willing to pay. Contestable market A contestable market is one in which there are no entry and exit barriers. Context effect It is being increasingly recognized that patients' responses to treatments may be affected by various factors such as how the investigator presents the interventions. These non-specific effects are referred to as context effects. To neutralize such effects, randomization, concealed assignment of treatment and blinding are used in well-conducted trials. The term 'context effect' has also been suggested as a better way of describing the 'placebo effect', as the latter has derogatory connotations. Contingency table A contingency table is one in which subjects or objects from a group are assigned to mutually exclusive categories or cells. In other words, each individual is entered in one cell only. Each cell gives the total number (or counts) of subjects or objects belonging to a subgroup. An example of a contingency table is shown in Table 1. Table I Contingency table showing hypothetical data from a comparative trial of three drugs on mortality. Each arm of the study entered 100 patients Drug Deaths Survived Total Drug A Drug B Placebo Total 5 20 40 65 95 80 60 235 100 100 100 300
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Page 6 and 7: A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Page 14 and 15: B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Page 72 and 73: G Game theory Game theory, first de
Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
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K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
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M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
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N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
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o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
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Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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