Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine I I Figure 2 Bayes' theorem: Bayesian revision of probabilities given new data Benefits received Benefits received is a criterion used for assessing the fairness of various charges, particularly in relation to taxes. Property taxes are often set to meet this criterion since larger properties would utilize more of public services, such as garbage disposal and police protection (see Ability to pay for comparison). Berkson's fallacy Berkson's fallacy refers to the spurious correlation which may be observed between two diseases or between a disease and a risk factor arising from biased sampling (Berkson J (1946) Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics Bulletin. 2: 47-53). Best evidence There is much controversy about what constitutes best evidence on which to base decisions in the health care context. There is wide agreement that for establishing efficacy, a well-designed and conducted randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard. However, it is also widely accepted that the results of RCTs may not generalize very well to the practice situation and other trial designs may be more appropriate (Green G, Wennberg J, Sackett D (1997) Best evidence. BMJ. 315:1636). Best Evidence is also the name of an annually updated CD-ROM publication which includes articles from the American College of Physicians (ACP) Journal Club and editorials on various issues in clinical decision
12 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine making (available from the British Medical Association or from the ACP (tel: +800-523-1546 ext. 2600). Best evidence synthesis Best evidence synthesis refers to the systematic review of the literature on a particular research question using an approach which combines the best features of meta-analysis and narrative reviews. At its heart is the use of consistent, well-justified and a priori inclusion criteria. Therefore, this approach is essentially the same as that adopted in a good systematic review and the terms can be used synonymously (Slavin RE (1995) Best evidence synthesis: an intelligent alternative to meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 48: 9-18). Beyren's-Fisher problem The hypothesis testing for the equality of the means of two normal distributions known not to have the same variance is difficult using classic statistics. This problem is known as the Beyren's-Fisher problem. Of the various test statistics proposed, the one generally adopted is given by: where x v x v s 2 2 , s 2 2 , n v n 2 are the means, variances and sizes of the samples of observations from the two populations, d/is the degrees of freedom for the t distribution. BGA BGA is the abbreviation for Bundesgesundheitsamts, the Federal Health Office which acts as the German Drug Regulatory Agency. Bias Bias refers to the systematic deviation of an estimates from the true value. Unlike random variations round a true estimate, a biased estimate is one which is consistently lower or higher than the true value. For example, if a coin is fair and we flick it, say, 500 times and calculate the proportion of
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Page 4 and 5: Preface This book was conceived at
Page 6 and 7: A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Page 14 and 15: B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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G Game theory Game theory, first de
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I ICD (see International Classifica
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K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
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M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
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N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
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o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
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Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
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S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
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T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
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u Unique value effect This term is
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Z Z variate A random variable which
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