Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine.pdf

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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine 129 PS scores can be derived from a range of other statistics. If the t values and sample sizes are given in a two-treatment comparison then: If the sample sizes are not equal then: If Glass's or Hedges' effect size is used, PS is estimated using the following conversion: PS = 0.7071ES Production possibility frontier A production possibility frontier is a boundary which defines what can be produced given factor of production constraints (financial budget or labour units) and prior choice of what to produce. Figure 21 illustrates the Figure 21 Production possibility frontier
130 Dictionary of Evidence-based Medicine concept using as an example the allocation, by a health authority, of a $lm budget to two competing claims: provision of day care places or hospital beds for mentally ill patients. Each day care place costs $500 while a hospital bed costs $5000. With the allocated budget, the health authority can provide 2000 day care places or 200 beds. Line BD, the production possibility frontier, shows the alternative, allocatively efficient combinations, such as point E, of day care and hospital beds which can be provided. Point A, on the other hand, is not efficient since day care places can be increased without decreasing hospital beds and vice versa. Production possibility frontiers or curves need not be linear and can be generalized to deal with more than two choices (Phelps CE (1997) Health economics. 2nd edition. Addison Wesley, Reading, USA). Prognosis The likely clinical progress of a patient or disease over time. Programme effectiveness analysis (see Intention to treat analysis) Prospective case-control study (see under Case-control study) Prospective meta-analysis (see under Meta-analysis) Prospective study (see a/so under Cohort study) A prospective study is one in which subjects are recruited and followed forward in time. Protopathic bias (see under Bias) Public goods Pure public goods are those which are characterized by collective property rights from which no one can be excluded. Examples of such goods are air quality and sunlight. Those goods are not traded in any organized market. These goods can be separated from quasi-private goods and pure private goods. With the latter, individual property rights are assigned, potential customers can be excluded and the goods are traded competitively and
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Dictionary of Evidence-based Medici
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Preface This book was conceived at
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A Ability to pay Ability to pay is
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Figure I Audit: Clinical audit cycl
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B Balanced design In an experiment,
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Figure 9 Concept of externality Dic
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G Game theory Game theory, first de
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Page 86 and 87: I ICD (see International Classifica
Page 94 and 95: K Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
Page 100 and 101: M Macroeconomics Macroeconomics is
Page 112 and 113: N N of I trial An N of 1 trial is a
Page 116 and 117: o OBM (see Opinion-based medicine)
Page 140 and 141: Figure 25 Measuring quality of life
Page 150 and 151: S Scarcity Scarcity is often referr
Page 158 and 159: T TDM (see Therapeutic drug monitor
Page 162 and 163: u Unique value effect This term is
Page 170: Z Z variate A random variable which
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